Emerging Investigator Series: Unpacking PET: Comparative Analysis of Leachable and Extractable Emerging Contaminants from Virgin and Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles and Textiles

Abstract

Plastics, particularly polyethylene terephthalate (PET), are widely used as food contact materials, textiles, and toys. However, their widespread use and potential for human exposure raise environmental and health concerns, particularly regarding the leaching of chemical additives. This study assessed hazardous plastic additives and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) leached from paired virgin and recycled PET bottles (soda and water) purchased from Michigan and California and from textiles (toys, pillows, and clothing) acquired online or in stores in Michigan and Oregon. Results showed differences in contaminant profiles and concentrations between PET types and products. A total of 12 persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) additives, six organophosphate esters (OPEs), and 15 NIAS were detected. Notably, recycled PET (rPET) bottles consistently contained benzene, while virgin PET had higher ethylene glycol and 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane levels. Additionally, OPEs were detected more frequently in rPET, indicating recycling as a contamination pathway. Geographically distinct contaminant profiles were evident, with Michigan bottles exhibiting elevated benzaldehyde, while California bottles showed higher diethylene glycol levels, suggesting differing manufacturing practices. Textiles exhibited distinct contamination profiles, highlighting a distinct exposure pathway for watersheds through laundry processes. Bioactivity assays with PET product extracts revealed moderate to high hormone receptor antagonism but no clear association with PET type, indicating potential hazardous effects from both virgin and recycled PET products. This study highlights the necessity of continued monitoring of contaminants in PET, including non-intentionally added substances and PMT plastic additives that are not currently regulated.