Biomaterials Based on Advanced Oxidation Processes in Tooth Whitening: Fundamental, Progress, and Model

Abstract

The increasing desire for aesthetically pleasing tooth has resulted in the widespread use of tooth whitening treatments. Clinical tooth whitening products currently rely on hydrogen peroxide formulations to degrade dental pigments through oxidative processes. However, they usually cause side effects such as tooth sensitivity and gingival irrigation due to the use of high-concentration hydrogen peroxide or long-time contact. In recent years, various novel materials and reaction patterns have been developed to tackle the issues related to H2O2-based tooth whitening. These can be broadly classified as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). AOPs generate free radicals that have potent oxidizing properties, thereby could increase oxidation power and/or reduce exposure time, and can probably minimize side effects of tooth bleaching. While there have been several reviews on tooth whitening clinic and the application of novel nanomaterials, a review based on the concept of AOPs on tooth bleaching application has not yet been conducted. This review describes the common types and mechanisms of AOPs, summarizes the latest research progress of new tooth bleaching materials based on AOPs, and proposes a model for tooth bleaching and a rate control step at the molecular level. The paper also reviews the shortcomings and suggests future development directions.