Phosphorus–nitrogen dual-doping engineering in hard carbon microspheres for enhanced sodium-ion storage

Yuanqi Ding, Yanan Cui, Zhonglei Du, Quanxiu Liu, Yuan Li, Pengbo Liu, Menghan Zhan, Dehong Chen, Yaodi Zhu, Lingbo Zong, Pavel Novikov, Sardor Donaev, Munavvar Iskandarova, Nuritdin Amirkulov, Lei Wang and Bin Li

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2026, 14, 7465
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CVD-grown tunable carbon films for high-performance sodium storage

Enis Oğuzhan Eren, Evgeny Senokos, Tim Horner, Leonardo Cancellara, Ernesto Scoppola, Jiyong Kim, Morten Johansen, Kangkang Ge, Barbara Daffos, Pierre-Louis Taberna, Patrice Simon and Paolo Giusto

Energy Environ. Sci., 2026
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Fluorinated surface-to-bulk engineering of sodium trititanate for developing sodium-ion batteries with high rate capability and long cycling life

Guangrong Zeng, Xin Jin, Fujie Li and Chao Wang

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2026, 14, 17989
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Phenolic resin-derived hard carbon for sodium-ion batteries: insights and prospects

Zeyu Zhu, Jinlin Pan, Binghao Wu, Qiang Li, Weixiang Li, Jingui Duan and Ya-Xia Yin

Chem. Commun., 2026, 62, 45
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Commodity elastomer-derived ordered mesoporous hard carbon for high-performance sodium-ion battery anodes

Anthony Griffin, Hao Nguyen, Jeff Aguinaga, Derek L. Patton, Zhe Qiang and Shuya Wei

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2026
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Engineering the pore structure in phenolic resin-derived hard carbon via CO2-assisted carbonization for enhanced sodium storage

Wei Wang, Binyuan Zhang, Hairu Wang, Rui Ma, Lili Ai, Mengjiao Xu, Changyu Leng, Qingtao Ma, Dianzeng Jia, Nannan Guo and Luxiang Wang

Inorg. Chem. Front., 2026, 13, 2659
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Deciphering Sodium Storage in Hard Carbon Anodes: A Review on the Interplay of Microstructure, Interfacial Engineering, and Electrochemical Performance

Md Abdul Kabir Hossain, Fahima Ferdaus, Bashir Ahmed Johan, Atif Saeed Alzahrani, Syed Shaheen Shah and Md. Abdul Aziz

Energy Fuels, 2025, 39, 23937
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Single‐Atom Modification of Hard Carbon for Enhanced Coupled Ion‐Electron Transfer Toward Superior Plateau Kinetics in Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Kai Liu, Simi Sui, Chenxi Guo, Gong Jia, Tingting Huang, Shan Zhu, Kaixiang Lei, Peng Jin and Shijian Zheng

Adv Funct Materials, 2026
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Facile One‐Step Modification of Biomass Hard Carbon: Tailoring Hierarchical Microstructures for High‐Energy‐Density Sodium‐Ion Battery Anode Materials

Yi Zhong, Wenxuan Liang, Tianming Lv, Zhenhua Zhou, Huiwen Zhou, Zhen Yang, Ziqi Ren, Hongxin Zhao, Yu Wang, Tao Hu, Miao Cui, Zhe Feng and Changgong Meng

Adv Funct Materials, 2026
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Single-atom-anchored hierarchically nanopores hard carbon toward high-performance sodium storage

Qi Wang, Ren Zou, Zhenhua Dai, Zhenzhen Wu, Linxin Zhong, Shanqing Zhang, Emmanuel Iwuoha, Kasim Ocakoglu, Usisipho Feleni, Jianwei Ren, Ruidong Xia and Xinwen Peng

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 536, 175999
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Restructuring hard carbon microstructure via mechanical-physical activation and thermodynamic driving force synergy to enhance sodium storage performance

KaiBo Zhang, Sicheng Liu, Jinhan Teng, Ling Ding, Xin Tang, Qiang Wang, Yuxiao Gao and Jing Li

Electrochimica Acta, 2025, 543, 147612
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Porous graphene confined partial ion desolvation in ether electrolyte for highly reversible sodium storage

Yizhe Wang, Kangkang Ge, Chuanren Ye, Wenchang Zhang, Wanxia Li, Kun Ni, Shuhong Jiao, Pierre-Louis Taberna, Patrice Simon and Yanwu Zhu

Energy Storage Materials, 2026, 86, 104978
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Transforming polyethylene foam into a hard carbon anode: a study on its structure and sodium storage behavior

Seungjae Moon, Kitak Kim, Suah Park, Yongjun Yang, Seung Gun Kim, Heewon Jin, Sang Eun Kim, Seunghoon Nam and Dalsu Choi

Carbon Lett., 2026, 36, 365
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Microsized Sn-Hard Carbon Composite Anode with Capacities of 583 mAh g–1 and 1073 mAh cm–3 for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Xiang Gao, Zerui Yan, Lixin Lin, Huilong Liu, Yuting Song, Jiawei Guo, Yi Gong, Jianming Tao, Jiaxin Li, Guoqiang Zou, Yingbin Lin, Yunlong Zhao, Dong-liang Peng and Qiulong Wei

ACS Energy Lett., 2026, 11, 1916
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Metallic Particles in Sodium Battery Anodes: A Review

Rafaela Ruiz, Carlos Pérez-Vicente and Ricardo Alcántara

Micromachines, 2025, 16, 1391
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Electrochemical Activation–Driven Micropore Expansion Toward High–Capacity Hard Carbon Anodes for Advanced Li–Ion Batteries

Hanbyeol Lee, Wonyoung Song, Inkyu Park, Dayoung Kim, Hyesu Nam and Oh B. Chae

Adv Funct Materials, 2026
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Atomic‐Level Insight of Carbon‐Based Anodes for Advanced Sodium Storage: Electrochemical Mechanisms and Molecular Simulation‐Assisted Modification

Yuefang Chen, Guoping Liu, Yuwen Zhao, Mengmeng Zhang, Yifang Zhang, Zhenyang Yu, Zhijia Zhang, Huijun Li and Yong Jiang

cMat, 2026, 3
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Modulating the closed pore structure of biomass-derived hard carbon anode for high-performance sodium storage

Gang Tang, Ying Liu, Dan Guo, Xinyi Wang, Peng Xiao and Yunhuai Zhang

Journal of Energy Storage, 2026, 146, 120098
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Structural Engineering and Functionalization of Carbon-Based Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries: From Biomass to Composites

Bushra Iqbal and Adam Moyseowicz

Molecules, 2026, 31, 843
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Carbonization-temperature-dependent structural evolution and Na+ storage mechanism of waste rubberwood-derived hard carbons

Xinyu Wang, Danqing Pu, Yunhua Li, Zhibo Yang, Haonan Xiao, Ruoan Li, Han Guo, Runze Ma, Yujun Fu, Chengtian Lv, Haodong Jiang, Yongbo Su, Dequan Liu and Deyan He

Applied Surface Science, 2026, 735, 166586
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Overcoming the Trade-Off between Initial Coulombic Efficiency and Rate Performance in Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium-Ion Storage

Zesheng Li, Yufei Gao, Wen Luo, Zian Xu, Jianghua Wu, Yueyang Wang, Kai Zhang, Rouxi Chen, Zhouguang Lu and Hsing-Lin Wang

ACS Nano, 2026, 20, 7589
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Degradation mechanism and direct regeneration of hard carbon anodes from spent 75 Ah sodium-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage

Yan Li, Hui Wang, Kai-hang Wang, Rui-ze Dong, Qing-qing Li, Chun Chen, Tao Zhang, Yu Yuan, Xin-qi Hao, Ke-hua Dai, Guo-sheng Shao and Jing Mao

Energy Storage Materials, 2026, 84, 104824
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Pseudo graphitic mesoporous hard carbon via rapid pyrolysis for advanced sodium-ion battery anodes

Mahesh Y. Chougale, Niroshan Manoharan, Xijue Wang, Abhishek Kulkarni, Ankit Dandriyal, Shubham V. Patil, Vikram Singh Raghuwanshi, Gaurav Lohar, Elizabeth Graham and Deepak Dubal

Energy Storage Materials, 2026, 89, 105286
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Starch as a Closed Pore Regulator to Boost the Initial Coulombic Efficiency and Rate Performance of Wood-Derived Hard Carbon Anodes

Yan Zhang, Liyuan Li, Huilin Li, Chenyang Guo, Zhen Xie and Feng Huo

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2025
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Atomic-level Fe/N-coordinated biomass hard carbon for fast-charging sodium-ion batteries

Wei He, Wenxiu He, Siting Zheng, Puwu Liang, Yihao Yang, Ahmed Abdel-Aziz, Mujtaba Aminu Muhammad, Xiang Hu, Suqin Ci and Zhenhai Wen

Energy Storage Materials, 2026, 88, 105055
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A Scalable and Low‐Temperature Route to Abundant Heteroatoms‐Doped Freestanding Carbon Anodes for Fast Sodium‐Ion Storage Kinetics

Zeyu Ma, Wenwu Wang, Guobin Zhang, Yibo Xiong, Ziyu Fan, Leixin Wu, Xiaoqiao Liao, Zilu Hu, Huiming Liang, Qi Shao, Xiaolin Liu, Wenlong Cai, Muhammad Tahir, Hui Tang, Dan Lu, Longbing Qu, Yong Yi, Baohua Li and Liang He

Adv Funct Materials, 2026, 36
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Tailoring microstructure of cellulose-derived hard carbon by pre-oxidation for superior sodium-ion storage

Hairu Wang, Rui Ma, Qingtao Ma, Mengjiao Xu, Lili Ai, Dianzeng Jia, Luxiang Wang and Nannan Guo

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 539, 176842
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Understanding the Key Role and Evaluation Methods of Sodium Storage Behavior/Mechanisms for Hard Carbon Anode

Wenjie Huang, Qianxiong Wen, Chun Wu, Shulei Chou and Xingqiao Wu

Information & Functional Materials, 2026, 3, 127
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Electrochemical Characterization and DRT-Guided ECM Modeling of Commercial Sodium-Ion 18650 Cells

Corentin Piat, Ali Sari and Christophe Viton

IEEE Open J. Veh. Technol., 2026, 7, 1715
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Carbon pore reorganization in seconds: Transforming activated carbon into high-plateau-capacity sodium-ion battery anodes

Liyuan Sha, Junjie Liu, Tao Hu, Huiping Yang, Minghui Chen, Yuxiang Mao, Yuan Zhou, Miao Liu, Qiaobao Zhang, Jiajia Han and Li Zhang

Energy Storage Materials, 2026, 88, 105166
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Quantum Chemical Investigation of the Interaction of Sodium Ions with Hard Carbon-Based Systems

Jonas Lührs, Laura Kalder, Eneli Härk, Daniel Sebastiani and Pouya Partovi-Azar

J. Phys. Chem. C, 2026, 130, 5223
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Achieving both large plateau capacity and high ICE of hard carbon via multi-steps of micropores tuning for high performance sodium ion batteries

Xiaoxia Chen, Lianghui Chen, Jianhui Chen, Ben Liu, Guiming Zhong, Yu Ma, Jun Yang, Xinxin Zhang, Yanna Nuli and Chuying Ouyang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 529, 172763
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Progress and Prospects in Sodium-Ion Battery Anode Materials: From Fundamentals to Material Engineering Strategies

Zeyu Chen, Liheng Yang, Geng Yu, Rui Yang, Yu Zhao, Chenguang Liu, Fan Zhang and Yongbing Tang

Energy Storage Materials, 2026, 84, 104745
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Advances and perspectives on solid carbon spheres anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Biao Cai and Zhao Jiang

Journal of Energy Storage, 2026, 171, 122895
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Microstructure‐Interface Modulation Boosts Sodium Storage Capacity and Stability of Hard Carbon

Zhe Wang, Yutian Yang, Hang Li, Yuying Zhang, Feng Ouyang, Wenjing Dong, Quan Zong, Shuang Zhou and Anqiang Pan

Small, 2026, 22
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Valorization of marine sargassum biomass through in situ spectroscopic analysis for potential sodium-ion battery anode applications

Gabriela J. Rojas-Castillo, J. Silvestre Mendoza-Figueroa, J. Marcos Esparza-Schulz, Luis Lartundo Rojas and Guadalupe Ramos-Sánchez

Biomass and Bioenergy, 2026, 212, 109332
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Molecular engineering to regulate pyrolysis behavior of precursor and microstructure in resin-based hard carbon for advanced sodium storage performance

Tao Wen, Yonghui Zhang, Huamin Hu, Zehao Zhang, Sujiu Huang, Guang Zeng, Yanling Gu, Zhaoyong Chen and Junfei Duan

Carbon, 2026, 257, 121696
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Carbon materials derived from waste polyethylene terephthalate for sodium-ion batteries: Progress, challenges, and future perspectives

Fatima Alsamri, Aysha Alkaabi and Mohamed Alhosani

Journal of Energy Storage, 2026, 174, 123113
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Ionic Liquids Electrolytes for High Performance Sodium Batteries—Chemistry, Composition, and Interfaces

Faezeh Makhlooghiazad, Lixu Huang, Nolene Byrne, Patrick C. Howlett and Maria Forsyth

Advanced Energy Materials, 2026
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Modifier-assisted co-thermal carbonization of lignite for hard carbon with enriched pseudo-graphitic domains and closed pores toward enhanced sodium storage

Huihui Zeng, Huiyang Sun, Baolin Xing, Xiahui Gui, Qiaomiao Xu, Guangxu Huang, Chuanxiang Zhang, Yuanfeng Wu, Yichao Wang and Zhengfei Chen

Carbon, 2025, 244, 120694
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Laser-carbonized anodes for sodium-ion batteries: A sustainable fabrication route toward spatially resolved and practical energy storage

Sanghwa Moon, Enis Oğuzhan Eren, Jiyong Kim, Emeline Raguin, Markus Antonietti and Evgeny Senokos

Energy Storage Materials, 2026, 84, 104793
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Multiscale Electrochemical–Mechanical Modeling of Hard Carbon Anodes in Na-Ion Batteries

Susmit Kumar Sahu, Ishan Bhat, Mohammed Wasay Mudassir, Naga Neehar Dingari and Sriram Goverapet Srinivasan

ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2026, 9, 2648
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Heterostructured Manganese‐Based Cathode with Atomic Interlocking for Advanced Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Yuting Chen, Qi Fan, Hejing Wang, Fan Kong, Boya Wang, Mei Yang, Chenying Li, Zhengyang Li, Zhiyuan Li, Zhiyuan Guo, Qin Sun, Xiaohui Zhu, Menggai Jiao, Teng Zhai, Shubiao Xia, Lin Gu, Zhen Zhou and Hui Xia

Advanced Energy Materials, 2025
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Regulating Intrinsic Structure in Anthracite‐Based Hard Carbon for High Initial Coulombic Efficiency Sodium‐Ion Storage

Rui Li, Chunbo Su, Wang Xu, Wei Yang, Jian Chen, Jianping Long and Anjun Hu

ChemSusChem, 2025, 18
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Synergistic P/N/S tri-doping and hollow engineering of hard carbon for high-performance sodium-ion batteries

Yiting Zhao, Wan Li, Zhenhua Wang, Wang Sun and Kening Sun

Journal of Power Sources, 2026, 679, 240180
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Precursor engineering through enzyme-mediated crosslinking for high-performance hard carbon anodes in sodium-ion batteries

Dekui Zhang, Dan Yang, Hao Ai and Kaifeng Du

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 530, 173317
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The distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus in co-doped graphene regulated by molecular control to improve sodium storage

Xin Tian, Xin Ma, Huan Chen, Zheye Zhang and Shuai Wang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 524, 169046
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Tailoring the pore architecture of cotton stalk-derived hard carbon by oxygen functional groups for enhanced sodium storage plateau capacity

Hongyu Ning, Yonghui Zhang, Dongjiao Wang, Qingxuan Geng, Qingwei Li, Paul K. Chu and Kaifu Huo

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 527, 171692
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Storage Failure Mechanism of Sodium‐Ion Full Cells: Unsteady Structural Transformation and Interfacial Chemical Reconstruction

Ziyong Li, Xiangjie Li, Wubin Du, Shengnan He, Yunpeng Ouyang, Xiaoyun Gao, Renheng Tang, Hongge Pan, Min Zhu and Renzong Hu

Advanced Energy Materials, 2026, 16
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Dual‐Armor Architecture‐Mediated Microstructural Engineering of Germanium Anode for Advanced Liquid‐ and Solid‐State Batteries

Tiansheng Chen, Xiang Yan, Tengtao Hu, Jun Zhang, Huaizheng Huang, Yang Xia, Wenkui Zhang, Xinhui Xia, Xinyong Tao, Xue Li and Hui Huang

Energy & Environ Materials, 2026
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Advancements in anode materials for sodium-ion batteries: Current trends and future prospects

Pratik Pawar, Archana R. Kanwade, Jena Akash Kumar Satrughna, Abhishek Srivastava and Parasharam M. Shirage

Journal of Power Sources, 2026, 688, 240622
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A new sodium storage mechanism of chemisorption-ion implantation in hard carbon anodes mediated by C–N–B dynamic covalent bonds

Bojian Fan, Xiaoyue Li, Yuhang Xin, Yingshuai Wang, Qingbo Zhou, Kunyu Zhao, Yunfei Shen, Chang Sun, Shaowen Huang and Hongcai Gao

Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2026, 118, 795
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Atomistic Mechanism in Sodium-Ion Storage Revealed by Experiment and Simulation

Hieu Trung Luong, Alexis Front, Tigani Zarrouk, Seyedabolfazl Mousavihashemi, Vasuki Durairaj, Katri S. Kontturi, Tekla Tammelin, Miguel A. Caro and Tomi Laurila

J. Phys. Chem. C, 2026, 130, 4053
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Advances in hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries: understanding defect-pore interactions and interphase evolution, degradation mechanisms, operando/in-situ analysis

Leonard Mamba, Nithyadharseni Palaniyandy, Gcina Mamba, Mkhulu Kenneth Mathe, Maria-Magdalena Titirici and Teuns Van Ree

Applied Energy, 2026, 411, 127624
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Deciphering Atomic Electronic Structure Dynamics and Site Occupancy Transitions in Dictating Sodium Storage in Hard Carbon

Yimei Ouyang, Yuwei Su, Jun Ma, Yongfu Tang, Jianyu Huang, Zhangquan Peng and Guiming Zhong

Advanced Materials, 2026, 38
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Native minerals boost the performance of coal-derived hard carbon at low pyrolysis temperatures

Piotr Madajski, Ievgen Obraztsov, Anita Cymann-Sachajdak, Monika Wilamowska-Zawłocka, Aristides Bakandritsos, Myroslav Sprynskyy and Grzegorz Trykowski

J. Phys. Energy, 2026, 8, 015008
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Decoupling the plateau storage mechanism in hard carbon via pore engineering: From pseudo-closed pore to fully closed pore structures

Gang Huang, Weijie Jiang, Longbo Luo, Jingxue Yu, Qin Shen, Xuesong Zhou, Kui Yang, Yuan Chen and Yanqing Wang

Carbon, 2026, 256, 121591
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Weakly Aggregated Polymeric Network Enabling Advanced Hard Carbon for Sodium Storage

Jianhao Lin, Zhishan Liao, Yike Liu, Bote Zhao, Jiexi Wang and Xunhui Xiong

Adv Funct Materials, 2026
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An Air‐Etching Strategy for Enlarging Plateau Capacity of Hard Carbon Anodes

Yi Cui, Youzhi Xie, Qin Luo, Lianpeng Li, Jingqin Cui, Chaozhi Wang, Qiulong Wei and Xiaoliang Fang

Adv Funct Materials, 2026
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Tofu dreg waste-derived hard carbon anode material with an “adsorption-insertion-pore filling” storage mechanism for highly stable sodium-ion batteries under harsh conditions

Fanqin Yue, Rongkang Zhou, Busheng Zhang, Yameng Fan and Dan Zhou

Journal of Power Sources, 2026, 667, 239266
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Biomass‐Derived Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Source, Synthesis, and Advanced Characterization

Zhuo Hao, Jinhao Du, Yiyang Ren, Man Kang, Yu Zhou, Mingru Su and Yunjian Liu

Batteries & Supercaps, 2026, 9
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Harnessing Native Al/Si Impurities in Bamboo Black Liquor for Self‐Templated Closed‐Pore Hard Carbon Anodes

Zhenbing Sun, Qi Yu, Yujun Li, Lin Zhao, Zhenrui Li, Haifeng Zuo, Qinxuan Shi, Zehui Jiang, Qianli Ma and Xing'e Liu

Carbon Energy, 2026
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