Comparison of Auto Sampling and Passive Sampling Methods for SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Wastewater

Melissa Wilson, Yuanyuan Qiu, Jiaao Yu, Bonita E. Lee, David T. McCarthy and Xiaoli Pang

Pathogens, 2022, 11, 359
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030359

Wastewater treatment plant operators report high capacity to support wastewater surveillance for COVID-19 across New York State, USA

Dustin T. Hill, Hannah Cousins, Bryan Dandaraw, Catherine Faruolo, Alex Godinez, Sythong Run, Simon Smith, Megan Willkens, Shruti Zirath and David A. Larsen

Science of The Total Environment, 2022, 837, 155664
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155664

A Sensitive and Rapid Wastewater Test for SARS-COV-2 and Its Use for the Early Detection of a Cluster of Cases in a Remote Community

Jade Daigle, Kathleen Racher, Justin Hazenberg, Allan Yeoman, Heather Hannah, Diep Duong, Umar Mohammed, Dave Spreitzer, Branden S. J. Gregorchuk, Breanne M. Head, Adrienne F. A. Meyers, Paul A. Sandstrom, Anil Nichani, James I. Brooks, Michael R. Mulvey, Chand S. Mangat, Michael G. Becker and Nicole R. Buan

Appl Environ Microbiol, 2022, 88
DOI: 10.1128/aem.01740-21

Critical Evaluation of Different Passive Sampler Materials and Approaches for the Recovery of SARS-CoV-2, Faecal-Indicator Viruses and Bacteria from Wastewater

Davey L. Jones, Jasmine M. S. Grimsley, Jessica L. Kevill, Rachel Williams, Cameron Pellett, Kathryn Lambert-Slosarska, Andrew C. Singer, Gwion B. Williams, Rafael Bargiela, Robert W. Brown, Matthew J. Wade and Kata Farkas

Water, 2022, 14, 3568
DOI: 10.3390/w14213568

Adsorption of SARS-CoV-2 onto granular activated carbon (GAC) in wastewater: Implications for improvements in passive sampling

Emalie K. Hayes, Amina K. Stoddart and Graham A. Gagnon

Science of The Total Environment, 2022, 847, 157548
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157548

Laboratory Analysis of Passive Samplers Used for Wastewater-Based Epidemiology Using F-RNA Bacteriophage MS2 as a Model Organism

Andreana. G. Shakallis, Howard Fallowfield, Kirstin E. Ross and Harriet Whiley

ACS EST Water, 2024, 4, 500
DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00558

Improved passive sampling methods for wastewater to enable more sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants

Md Alamin, Pelumi Oladipo, James Hartrick, Natasha Islam, Azadeh Bahmani, Carrie L. Turner, William Shuster and Jeffrey L. Ram

Science of The Total Environment, 2024, 950, 175044
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175044

Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in sewersheds with low COVID-19 cases using a passive sampling technique

Jiaying Li, Warish Ahmed, Suzanne Metcalfe, Wendy J.M. Smith, Ben Tscharke, Peter Lynch, Paul Sherman, Phong H.N. Vo, Sarit L. Kaserzon, Stuart L. Simpson, David T. McCarthy, Kevin V. Thomas, Jochen F. Mueller and Phong Thai

Water Research, 2022, 218, 118481
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118481

From capture to detection: A critical review of passive sampling techniques for pathogen surveillance in water and wastewater

Emalie K. Hayes and Graham A. Gagnon

Water Research, 2024, 261, 122024
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122024

Exploring the Use of Passive Samplers for the Surveillance of Avian Influenza Viruses in Wetlands: A Laboratory and Field Validation Study

Valentina Panzarin, Marika Crimaudo, Francesco Bonfante, Sabrina Marciano, Paola Berto, Silvia Bofill-Mas, Marta Rusiñol, Eva Mazzetto, Alessio Bortolami, Diletta Fornasiero, Luca Martelli, Paolo Mulatti and Calogero Terregino

Food Environ Virol, 2025, 17
DOI: 10.1007/s12560-025-09649-z

Microbial Screening of Urban Stormwater and Constructed Wetlands Using Passive Sampling and TaqMan Array Cards

Elnaz Karamati N. , Rebekah Henry, Christelle Schang, Peter Kolotelo, Yussi M. Palacios Delgado and David T. McCarthy

ACS EST Water, 2025, 5, 3251
DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.5c00097

Wastewater Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Canada

Steve E. Hrudey, Heather N. Bischel, Jeff Charrois, Alex H. S. Chik, Bernadette Conant, Rob Delatolla, Sarah Dorner, Tyson E. Graber, Casey Hubert, Judy Isaac-Renton, Wendy Pons, Hannah Safford, Mark Servos, Christopher Sikora and Tom J Marrie

FACETS, 2022, 7, 1493
DOI: 10.1139/facets-2022-0148

Feasibility of Wastewater‐based Public Health Monitoring Systems in Texas’ Small Rural Communities

Itza Mendoza‐Sanchez, Davida S. Smyth, Monica O. Mendez, Trish Pearl, Hanadi Rifai, Nathan Howell and Erick Butler

Contemporary Water Research, 2024, 180, 37
DOI: 10.1111/j.1936-704X.2024.3406.x

Long-term passive wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 for seven university dormitories in comparison to municipal surveillance

N. Jain, D. Hamilton, S. Mital, A. Ilias, M. Brinkmann and K. McPhedran

Science of The Total Environment, 2022, 852, 158421
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158421

Wastewater-based surveillance for Hepatitis A virus, Enterovirus, Poliovirus, and SARS-CoV-2 in São Tomé and Príncipe: A pilot study

Katia Toancha, Adjaia Borges, Lazismino Lázaro, Nilton Teixeira, Anery Katia Lima, Anabela Gonçalves, Doris Winter, Asmiralda Santos, Marcos do Nascimento, Andreza Batista de Sousa, Jürgen May, Yardlene Sacramento Sequeira, Rosa Maria Afonso Neto, Xavier Fernandez-Cassi and Kathrin Schuldt

Science of The Total Environment, 2024, 955, 176923
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176923

Development of passive samplers for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage and seawater: Application for the monitoring of sewage

Françoise Vincent-Hubert, Candice Wacrenier, Marion Desdouits, Sarah Jousse, Julien Schaeffer, Phillipe Le Mehaute, Frederique Nakache-Danglot, I. Bertrand, M. Boni, C. Gantzer, Y. Maday, V. Marechal, J.-M. Mouchel, L. Moulin, S. Wurtzer and Françoise S. Le Guyader

Science of The Total Environment, 2022, 833, 155139
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155139

Operational Constraints of Detecting SARS-CoV-2 on Passive Samplers using Electronegative Filters: A Kinetic and Equilibrium Analysis

Emalie K. Hayes, Crystal L. Sweeney, Megan Fuller, Genevieve B. Erjavec, Amina K. Stoddart and Graham A. Gagnon

ACS EST Water, 2022, 2, 1910
DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.1c00441

A Narrative Review of High Throughput Wastewater Sample Processing for Infectious Disease Surveillance: Challenges, Progress, and Future Opportunities

Bhuvanesh Kumar Shanmugam, Maryam Alqaydi, Degan Abdisalam, Monika Shukla, Helio Santos, Ranya Samour, Lawrence Petalidis, Charles Matthew Oliver, Grzegorz Brudecki, Samara Bin Salem and Wael Elamin

IJERPH, 2024, 21, 1432
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21111432

Fate-and-transport modeling of SARS-CoV-2 for rural wastewater-based epidemiology application benefit

Gabrielle Bognich, Nathan Howell and Erick Butler

Heliyon, 2024, 10, e25927
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25927

Viruses and Non‐Woven Polymers: Surface Properties and Future Perspectives in Sampling for Wastewater‐Based Epidemiology

Mayisha Ahmedullah, Harriet Whiley, Howard Fallowfield and Ingo Köper

Adv Materials Inter, 2024, 11
DOI: 10.1002/admi.202400155

Longitudinal and Long-Term Wastewater Surveillance for COVID-19: Infection Dynamics and Zoning of Urban Community

Athmakuri Tharak, Harishankar Kopperi, Manupati Hemalatha, Uday Kiran, Gokulan C. G., Shivranjani Moharir, Rakesh K. Mishra and S. Venkata Mohan

IJERPH, 2022, 19, 2697
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052697

Partitioning and probe-based quantitative PCR assays for the wastewater monitoring of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, M. tuberculosis, and M. bovis

Tram Nguyen, Elisabeth Mercier, Chandler H. Wong, Nada Hegazy, Md Pervez Kabir, Emma Tomalty, Felix Addo, Leonor Ward, Elizabeth Renouf, Shen Wan, Yassen Tcholakov, Stéphanie Guilherme and Robert Delatolla

Journal of Water and Health, 2025, 23, 1163
DOI: 10.2166/wh.2025.102

In Situ Calibration of Passive Samplers for Monitoring Host-Associated Fecal Markers in an Urban River

Yawen Liu, Rory Verhagen, Metasebia Gebrewold, Wendy J. M. Smith, Darryl W. Hawker, Stuart L. Simpson and Warish Ahmed

ACS EST Water, 2025, 5, 6918
DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.5c00841

Detection of avian influenza virus in surface waters using passive samplers

Madison T. Gouthro, Emalie K. Hayes, Taylor Prest and Graham A. Gagnon

npj Viruses, 2025, 3
DOI: 10.1038/s44298-025-00141-w

Passive sampling of microbes in various water sources: A systematic review

Elnaz Karamati N․, Ilya Law, J. Scott Weese, David T. McCarthy and Heather M. Murphy

Water Research, 2024, 266, 122284
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122284

A Review of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology for the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Rural, Remote, and Resource-Constrained Settings Internationally: Insights for Implementation, Research, and Policy for First Nations in Canada

Jessica Annan, Rita Henderson, Mandi Gray, Rhonda Gail Clark, Chris Sarin and Kerry Black

IJERPH, 2024, 21, 1429
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21111429

Passive environmental DNA sampling: A review of current practices, limitations and future directions for biodiversity monitoring

Fidji Sandré, Marie‐Pier Brochu and Valérie S. Langlois

Methods Ecol Evol, 2026, 17, 1535
DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.70247

Clinical correlation of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater passive sampling in long-term care facilities and wastewater treatment plants

William Strike, Alexus Rockward, Blazan Mijatovic, Ann Noble, Cullen Olsson, Soroosh Torabi, Mohammad Dehghan Banadaki, Reuben Adatorwovor, James Keck and Scott Berry

Environmental Advances, 2025, 20, 100635
DOI: 10.1016/j.envadv.2025.100635

Characterization of Pepper Mild Mottle Virus from Tabasco Sauce and Adsorption Kinetics onto Cellulose Nitrate Membranes

Natalie Niro, Samuel Collins, R. Stephen Brown and Sarah Jane Payne

J. Environ. Eng., 2026, 152
DOI: 10.1061/JOEEDU.EEENG-8516

In Situ Calibration of Passive Samplers for Viruses in Wastewater

Jiaying Li, Rory Verhagen, Warish Ahmed, Suzanne Metcalfe, Phong K. Thai, Sarit L. Kaserzon, Wendy J. M. Smith, Christelle Schang, Stuart L. Simpson, Kevin V. Thomas, Jochen F. Mueller and David Mccarthy

ACS EST Water, 2022, 2, 1881
DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.1c00406

Food and Environmental Virology: Use of Passive Sampling to Characterize the Presence of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses in Wastewater

Michael Geissler, Robin Mayer, Björn Helm and Roger Dumke

Food Environ Virol, 2024, 16, 25
DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09572-1

Assessment of Rapid and Conventional RT-qPCR-Based Systems for Wastewater Surveillance

Mohsen Asadi, Daniel Hamilton, Corwyn Shomachuk, Femi F. Oloye, Chantel De Lange, Jiaqi Liang, Pu Xia, Charles A. Osunla, Jenna Cantin, Edgard M. Mejia, Branden S. J. Gregorchuk, Michael G. Becker, Chand Mangat, Markus Brinkmann, Paul D. Jones, John P. Giesy and Kerry N. McPhedran

ACS EST Water, 2024, 4, 4333
DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c00167

Comparison of Electronegative Filtration to Magnetic Bead-Based Concentration and V2G-qPCR to RT-qPCR for Quantifying Viral SARS-CoV-2 RNA from Wastewater

Kristina M. Babler, Ayaaz Amirali, Mark E. Sharkey, Sion L. Williams, Melinda M. Boone, Gabriella A. Cosculluela, Benjamin B. Currall, George S. Grills, Jennifer Laine, Christopher E. Mason, Brian D. Reding, Stephan C. Schürer, Mario Stevenson, Dušica Vidović and Helena M. Solo-Gabriele

ACS EST Water, 2022, 2, 2004
DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00047

A New In-Line GAC-Based Device for Concentrating Viruses in Treated Wastewater: Implications for Full-Scale UV C LED Treatment

Emalie K. Hayes, Madison T. Gouthro, Sean A. MacIsaac, Jessica L. Bennett, Emily Niskanen, Amina K. Stoddart and Graham A. Gagnon

ACS EST Water, 2026, 6, 1859
DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.5c01359

Assessment of two types of passive sampler for the efficient recovery of SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses from wastewater

Jessica L. Kevill, Kathryn Lambert-Slosarska, Cameron Pellett, Nick Woodhall, India Richardson-O'Neill, Igor Pântea, Natasha Alex-Sanders, Kata Farkas and Davey L. Jones

Science of The Total Environment, 2022, 838, 156580
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156580

Passive swab versus grab sampling for detection of SARS-CoV-2 markers in wastewater

Nicholas W. West, James Hartrick, Md Alamin, Adrian A. Vasquez, Azadeh Bahmani, Carrie L. Turner, William Shuster and Jeffrey L. Ram

Science of The Total Environment, 2023, 889, 164180
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164180

An innovative passive sampling approach for the detection of cyanobacterial gene targets in freshwater sources

David J. Redden, Toni Stanhope, Lindsay E. Anderson, Jessica Campbell, Wendy H. Krkošek and Graham A. Gagnon

Science of The Total Environment, 2023, 892, 164593
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164593

Retrospective Analysis of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Residences on a Large College Campus: Relationships between Wastewater Outcomes and COVID-19 Cases across Two Semesters with Different COVID-19 Mitigation Policies

Andrew L. Rainey, Katherine Buschang, Amber O’Connor, Deirdre Love, Alexis M. Wormington, Rebeccah L. Messcher, Julia C. Loeb, Sarah E. Robinson, Hunter Ponder, Sarah Waldo, Roy Williams, Jerne Shapiro, Elizabeth B. McAlister, Michael Lauzardo, John A. Lednicky, Anthony T. Maurelli, Tara Sabo-Attwood and Joseph H. Bisesi

ACS EST Water, 2023, 3, 16
DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00275

In Situ performance of granular activated carbon for sampling viruses and bacteria from wastewater: Toward quantitative passive sampling for wastewater-based epidemiology

Shimul Ghosh, Malek Smadi and Aaron Bivins

Water Research, 2026, 288, 124605
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2025.124605

Diurnal changes in pathogenic and indicator virus concentrations in wastewater

Kata Farkas, Igor Pântea, Nick Woodhall, Denis Williams, Kathryn Lambert-Slosarska, Rachel C. Williams, Jasmine M. S. Grimsley, Andrew C. Singer and Davey L. Jones

Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2023, 30, 123785
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30381-3

Passive wastewater surveillance of viral pathogens on cruise ships as a powerful tool for public health protection

Anastasia Zafeiriadou, Georgia Georgakopoulou, Triantafyllos-Dimitrios Gerokonstantis, Marios Kostakis, Stratos Papamichalis, Christos Sideris Stiapis, Efi Tsolaki, Kyriaki Kokona, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis and Athina Markou

Environmental Pollution, 2026, 397, 127953
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2026.127953

Maximizing viral nucleic acid yield from passive samplers: Evaluating elution and extraction protocols

Madison Gouthro, Emalie K. Hayes and Graham A. Gagnon

Science of The Total Environment, 2024, 957, 177834
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177834

Passive Sampler Technology for Viral Detection in Wastewater-Based Surveillance: Current State and Nanomaterial Opportunities

Alberto Aguayo-Acosta, Mildred G. Jiménez-Rodríguez, Fernando Silva-Lance, Mariel Araceli Oyervides-Muñoz, Arnoldo Armenta-Castro, Orlado de la Rosa, Antonio Ovalle-Carcaño, Elda M. Melchor-Martínez, Zahra Aghalari, Roberto Parra-Saldívar and Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández

Viruses, 2023, 15, 1941
DOI: 10.3390/v15091941

The Application of Passive Sampling Devices in Wastewater Surveillance

Andreana G. Shakallis, Howard Fallowfield, Kirstin E. Ross and Harriet Whiley

Water, 2022, 14, 3478
DOI: 10.3390/w14213478

Enhanced detection of viruses for improved water safety

Emalie K. Hayes, Madison T. Gouthro, Megan Fuller, David J. Redden and Graham A. Gagnon

Sci Rep, 2023, 13
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44528-2

Early Detection, Precision Treatment, Recurrence Monitoring: Liquid Biopsy Transforms Colorectal Cancer Therapy

Harshvardhan Raval and Sankha Bhattacharya

CCDT, 2025, 25, 586
DOI: 10.2174/0115680096295070240318075023

Tracking SARS-CoV-2 Levels in Wastewater During College Football Events Using Cell Phone Data for Population Dynamics

Emily R. Rhodes, Jason R. Vogel, Bryce C. Lowery, Aikaterini P. Kyprioti, Madison R. E. Swayne, Bradley S. Stevenson, Grant M. Graves, Erin R. Jeffries and Katrin Kuhn

Environments, 2024, 11, 279
DOI: 10.3390/environments11120279

A long-term passive sampling approach for wastewater-based monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in Leipzig, Germany

Marc Breulmann, René Kallies, Katy Bernhard, Andrea Gasch, Roland Arno Müller, Hauke Harms, Antonis Chatzinotas and Manfred van Afferden

Science of The Total Environment, 2023, 887, 164143
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164143