Inorganic–organic hybrid materials to detect urinary biomarkers: recent progress and future prospects

Abstract

Inorganic–organic hybrid materials have received extensive attention due to their excellent properties of recombination. In the framework of biological and chemical sensing, the utilization of hybrid materials for disease monitoring and diagnosis is a detection method worthy of current investigation. Biomarkers linked to urinary diseases play critical roles in the screening and identification of disease during this process. To date, a variety of hybrid biosensors have been synthesized for the detection of biomarkers in human urine. In this review, the present state of hybrid materials research for the sensing of biomarkers in urine is summarized; meanwhile, the physiological significance of urine biomarkers and the problems that still exist with the detection system are expounded. Consequently, strategies, such as using rotating systems, are provided for future researchers to optimize the design, synthesis, and experimental methods of hybrid materials to achieve suitable performance in urine biomarker detection.