A lead-free zero-dimensional hybrid antimony halide perovskite X-ray scintillator with exceptional emission efficiency and excellent stability as a highly sensitive fluorescent probe

Abstract

Lead-free zero-dimensional (0D) hybrid antimony halide perovskites have emerged as promising materials for various optoelectronic and sensing applications, owing to their adjustable structural properties and non-toxic nature. In this study, we explore the photophysical characteristics, structural robustness, and sensing capabilities of [FPPP]₂SbCl₇ (FPPP = protonated 1-(2-fluorophenyl)piperazine). Employing a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches, we demonstrate its remarkable yellow light photoluminescence quantum yields (99.26%) and outstanding structural integrity. Moreover, investigations into the scintillation performance of [FPPP]₂SbCl₇ single crystals reveal high X-ray light yields (46 927 photons per MeV), a low detection limit (0.71 μGy_air s⁻¹) and high-quality X-ray imaging, making them promising candidates for X-ray detection applications. Furthermore, [FPPP]₂SbCl₇ displays reversible fluorescence switching in response to nitrobenzene, showcasing its potential as a sensing platform for organic pollutants with outstanding repeatability and selectivity. Our findings not only deepen our comprehension of 0D hybrid antimony halides but also lay the groundwork for their utilization in diverse optoelectronic and sensing devices, opening new avenues for research in luminescent materials and detection applications.