Issue 35, 2023

A highly efficient and portable laser-scribed graphene-based electrochemical system for forensic-oriented determination of acepromazine

Abstract

Acepromazine (ACP) is a phenothiazine derivative drug commonly used as a tranquilizer veterinary medication due to its sedative properties. Benefiting from sedative properties, ACP has emerged as a drug of abuse and has been associated with drug-facilitated sexual assaults. Herein, we report, for the first time, the electrochemical behavior of ACP using a miniaturized and environmentally friendly laser-scribed graphene-based (LSG) sensor fabricated on a polyetherimide (PEI) substrate. The LSG device presented high porosity, as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements of the PEI-LSG electrode confirmed the enhanced electroactive area (3.1-fold increase) caused by the rough surface and revealed a low charge transfer resistance of the electrode material, with a heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k0) of 8.66 × 10−3 cm s−1 for potassium ferricyanide redox probe. A simple and accurate method was applied to quantify ACP by using square wave voltammetry (SWV) under optimized experimental conditions, which exhibited high sensitivity (0.686 ± 0.008 A L mol−1 cm−2) and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 7.43 × 10−8 mol L−1, with a linear concentration ranging from 0.5 to 100 μmol L−1 ACP. Aiming for on-site analysis, the PEI-LSG sensor was integrated with a miniaturized potentiostat controlled by using a smartphone and applied as proof of applicability to ACP detection in commercial beverage and synthetic urine samples. These studies demonstrated adequate recoveries, ranging from 95.1% to 115.8%. The analytical parameters highlight the robustness and reliability of the proposed method for analyses of ACP directly at a potential crime scene.

Graphical abstract: A highly efficient and portable laser-scribed graphene-based electrochemical system for forensic-oriented determination of acepromazine

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
21 Maijs 2023
Accepted
14 Aug. 2023
First published
30 Aug. 2023

Anal. Methods, 2023,15, 4467-4476

A highly efficient and portable laser-scribed graphene-based electrochemical system for forensic-oriented determination of acepromazine

L. F. de Lima and W. R. de Araujo, Anal. Methods, 2023, 15, 4467 DOI: 10.1039/D3AY00815K

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