Issue 21, 2023

Effect of pre-analytical variables on Raman and FTIR spectral content of lymphocytes

Abstract

The use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy (RS) for the analysis of lymphocytes in clinical applications is increasing in the field of biomedicine. The pre-analytical phase, which is the most vulnerable stage of the testing process, is where most errors and sample variance occur; however, it is unclear how pre-analytical variables affect the FTIR and Raman spectra of lymphocytes. In this study, we evaluated how pre-analytical procedures undertaken before spectroscopic analysis influence the spectral integrity of lymphocytes purified from the peripheral blood of male volunteers (n = 3). Pre-analytical variables investigated were associated with (i) sample preparation, (blood collection systems, anticoagulant, needle gauges), (ii) sample storage (fresh or frozen), and (iii) sample processing (inter-operator variability, time to lymphocyte isolation). Although many of these procedural pre-analytical variables did not alter the spectral signature of the lymphocytes, evidence of spectral effects due to the freeze–thaw cycle, in vitro culture inter-operator variability and the time to lymphocyte isolation was observed. Although FTIR and RS possess clinical potential, their translation into a clinical environment is impeded by a lack of standardisation and harmonisation of protocols related to the preparation, storage, and processing of samples, which hinders uniform, accurate, and reproducible analysis. Therefore, further development of protocols is required to successfully integrate these techniques into current clinical workflows.

Graphical abstract: Effect of pre-analytical variables on Raman and FTIR spectral content of lymphocytes

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
30 Apr. 2023
Accepted
05 Sept. 2023
First published
26 Sept. 2023
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY-NC license

Analyst, 2023,148, 5422-5434

Effect of pre-analytical variables on Raman and FTIR spectral content of lymphocytes

J. F. Monaghan, D. Cullen, C. Wynne, F. M. Lyng and A. D. Meade, Analyst, 2023, 148, 5422 DOI: 10.1039/D3AN00686G

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