Issue 9, 2023

A clinical Raman spectroscopy imaging system and safety requirements for in situ intraoperative tissue characterization

Abstract

Raman spectroscopy imaging is a technique that can be adapted for intraoperative tissue characterization to be used for surgical guidance. Here we present a macroscopic line scanning Raman imaging system that has been modified to ensure suitability for intraoperative use. The imaging system has a field of view of 1 × 1 cm2 and acquires Raman fingerprint images of 40 × 42 pixels, typically in less than 5 minutes. The system is mounted on a mobile cart, it is equiped with a passive support arm and possesses a removable and sterilizable probe muzzle. The results of a proof of concept study are presented in porcine adipose and muscle tissue. Supervised machine learning models (support vector machines and random forests) were trained and they were tested on a holdout dataset consisting of 7 Raman images (10 080 spectra) acquired in different animal tissues. This led to a detection accuracy >96% and prediction confidence maps providing a quantitative detection assessment for tissue border visualization. Further testing was accomplished on a dataset acquired with the imaging probe's contact muzzle and tailored classification models showed robust classifications capabilities with specificity, sensitivity and accuracy all surpassing 95% with a support vector machine classifier. Finally, laser safety, biosafety and sterilization of the system was assest. The safety assessment showed that the system's laser can be operated safetly according to the American National Standards Institute's standard for maximum permissible exposures for eyes and skin. It was further shown that during tissue interrogation, the temperature-history in cumulative equivalent minutes at 43 °C (CEM43 °C) never exceeded a safe threshold of 5 min.

Graphical abstract: A clinical Raman spectroscopy imaging system and safety requirements for in situ intraoperative tissue characterization

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
28 Nov. 2022
Accepted
28 Marts 2023
First published
06 Apr. 2023
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY license

Analyst, 2023,148, 1991-2001

A clinical Raman spectroscopy imaging system and safety requirements for in situ intraoperative tissue characterization

F. Daoust, H. Tavera, F. Dallaire, P. Orsini, K. Savard, J. Bismuth, P. Mckoy, I. Veilleux, K. Petrecca and F. Leblond, Analyst, 2023, 148, 1991 DOI: 10.1039/D2AN01946A

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