Issue 45, 2022

Evaluation of mesoporous borosilicate glass–ceramic composites as frits in reference electrodes

Abstract

The development of new mesoporous frits for reference electrodes to overcome the limitations of cross-contamination and screening effect is essential for many electrochemical measurements. Available frit-based reference electrodes (e.g., mesoporous, microporous) still suffer from cross-contamination and/or errors in electrochemical measurements. In this work, a mesoporous glass–ceramic composite is prepared to mitigate such limitations. Mesoporous glass–ceramic frits were prepared from low-cost materials (i.e., borosilicate and kaolin) at relatively low temperatures (750–850 °C). The prepared glass–ceramic frits were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), impedance measurements, and nitrogen sorption isotherms. The developed mesoporous glass–ceramic composites are characterized by a high chemical resistance against corrosive materials and a low thermal expansion. Reference electrodes constructed with the developed mesoporous glass–ceramic frits exhibited a low flow rate of 0.002 ± 0.001 to 0.41 ± 0.06 μL h−1 and high potential stability as well as very small potential drift of −2.4 ± 0.2 to −4.9 ± 0.2 μV h−1. Mesoporous glass–ceramic based reference electrodes exhibited average potential variations of 13 ± 3 mV over the concentration range of 1 mM to 0.1 M KCl. This indicates that mesoporous glass–ceramic frit-based reference electrodes exhibited a much lower flow rate compared to available microporous frit-based reference electrodes. Moreover, the developed mesoporous ceramic-based reference electrodes exhibited a 4–15-fold improvement in potential variations and a large improvement in potential stability in comparison with the reported mesoporous-frit-based reference electrodes.

Graphical abstract: Evaluation of mesoporous borosilicate glass–ceramic composites as frits in reference electrodes

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
24 Aug. 2022
Accepted
03 Okt. 2022
First published
12 Okt. 2022
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY-NC license

RSC Adv., 2022,12, 28878-28885

Evaluation of mesoporous borosilicate glass–ceramic composites as frits in reference electrodes

I. H. A. Badr and O. A. S. Rafea, RSC Adv., 2022, 12, 28878 DOI: 10.1039/D2RA05315B

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