Issue 22, 2022

Photoionization of the aqueous phase: clusters, droplets and liquid jets

Abstract

This perspective article reviews specific challenges associated with photoemission spectroscopy of bulk liquid water, aqueous solutions, water droplets and water clusters. The main focus lies on retrieving accurate energetics and photoelectron angular information from measured photoemission spectra, and on the question how these quantities differ in different aqueous environments. Measured photoelectron band shapes, vertical binding energies (ionization energies), and photoelectron angular distributions are influenced by various phenomena. We discuss the influences of multiple energy-dependent electron scattering in aqueous environments, and we discuss different energy referencing methods, including the application of a bias voltage to access absolute energetics of solvent and solute. Recommendations how to account for or minimize the influence of electron scattering are provided. The example of the hydrated electron in different aqueous environments illustrates how one can account for electron scattering, while reliable methods addressing parasitic potentials and proper energy referencing are demonstrated for ionization from the outermost valence orbital of neat liquid water.

Graphical abstract: Photoionization of the aqueous phase: clusters, droplets and liquid jets

Article information

Article type
Perspective
Submitted
11 Janv. 2022
Accepted
11 Apr. 2022
First published
27 Apr. 2022
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY-NC license

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2022,24, 13438-13460

Photoionization of the aqueous phase: clusters, droplets and liquid jets

R. Signorell and B. Winter, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2022, 24, 13438 DOI: 10.1039/D2CP00164K

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