Issue 26, 2021

n-Type organic semiconducting polymers: stability limitations, design considerations and applications

Abstract

This review outlines the design strategies which aim to develop high performing n-type materials in the fields of organic thin film transistors (OTFT), organic electrochemical transistors (OECT) and organic thermoelectrics (OTE). Figures of merit for each application and the limitations in obtaining these are set out, and the challenges with achieving consistent and comparable measurements are addressed. We present a thorough discussion of the limitations of n-type materials, particularly their ambient operational instability, and suggest synthetic methods to overcome these. This instability originates from the oxidation of the negative polaron of the organic semiconductor (OSC) by water and oxygen, the potentials of which commonly fall within the electrochemical window of n-type OSCs, and consequently require a LUMO level deeper than ∼−4 eV for a material with ambient stability. Recent high performing n-type materials are detailed for each application and their design principles are discussed to explain how synthetic modifications can enhance performance. This can be achieved through a number of strategies, including utilising an electron deficient acceptor–acceptor backbone repeat unit motif, introducing electron-withdrawing groups or heteroatoms, rigidification and planarisation of the polymer backbone and through increasing the conjugation length. By studying the fundamental synthetic design principles which have been employed to date, this review highlights a path to the development of promising polymers for n-type OSC applications in the future.

Graphical abstract: n-Type organic semiconducting polymers: stability limitations, design considerations and applications

Article information

Article type
Review Article
Submitted
03 Maijs 2021
Accepted
10 Jūn. 2021
First published
15 Jūn. 2021
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY license

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2021,9, 8099-8128

n-Type organic semiconducting polymers: stability limitations, design considerations and applications

S. Griggs, A. Marks, H. Bristow and I. McCulloch, J. Mater. Chem. C, 2021, 9, 8099 DOI: 10.1039/D1TC02048J

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. You can use material from this article in other publications without requesting further permissions from the RSC, provided that the correct acknowledgement is given.

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