An applied machine learning framework for waste lithium-ion battery leaching with integrated preliminary environmental and economic assessment

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Green Chem., 2026, 28, 277
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Advancing hydrometallurgical recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: an AI-based readiness and sustainability assessment

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A holistic review on the direct recycling of lithium-ion batteries from electrolytes to electrodes

Neil Hayagan, Cyril Aymonier, Laurence Croguennec, Mathieu Morcrette, Rémi Dedryvère, Jacob Olchowka and Gilles Philippot

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12, 31685
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Recovery of valuable metals from lithium-containing aluminum electrolyte slag via an NaOH leaching-aging-water leaching process

Ting Zhou, Chenyu Zhang, Rui Xu, Sha Luo, Wenzhang Li and Yang Liu

RSC Sustainability, 2025, 3, 3080
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Recycling and regeneration of failed layered oxide cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Changhao Li, Weihao Zeng, Juan Wang, Zhongpeng Li, Jin Zhang, Xuanpeng Wang and Shichun Mu

Mater. Horiz., 2025, 12, 4065
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Metal recovery from ‘black mass’ of spent alkaline batteries using aqueous protic ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents

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RSC Sustainability, 2025, 3, 5118
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Non-aqueous direct leaching using a reusable nickel-selective amic-acid extractant for efficient lithium-ion battery recycling

Takejiro Matsui, Takafumi Hanada and Masahiro Goto

RSC Sustainability, 2025, 3, 881
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Advanced technologies for plastic waste recycling: examine recent developments in plastic waste recycling technologies

Oluwaseyi O. Alabi, Timileyin O. Akande, Oluwatoyin Joseph Gbadeyan and Nirmala Deenadayalu

RSC Adv., 2025, 15, 40541
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Rational design of dual-ion doped cobalt-free Li-rich cathode materials for enhanced cycle stability of lithium-ion pouch cell batteries

Otavio Augusto Titton Dias, Farnaz Azarnia, Keerti Rathi, Viktoriya Pakharenko, Vijay K. Tomer and Mohini Sain

Nanoscale, 2024, 16, 16003
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Comparing the energy and climate impacts of conventional lithium-ion and all-solid-state batteries

Zhu Zhu and Rebecca E. Ciez

EES Batteries, 2026
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Uncovering collaboration and knowledge areas in lithium-ion battery recycling

Simon Schlehuber, André Hemmelder and Stephan von Delft

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Lithium-ion batteries: direct solid sampling for characterisation of black mass recyclates using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

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Exploring separation techniques for the direct recycling of high voltage spinel LNMO scrap electrodes

Stiven López Guzmán, Marcus Fehse, Emanuele Gucciardi, Marta Cabello, Silvia Martin, Naiara Etxebarria, Miguel Ceja, Miriam Romera, Montse Galceran and Marine Reynaud

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2025, 13, 2690
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Low-capacitance pulsed discharge enables heat- and solvent-free delamination of lithium-ion battery cathodes

Chiharu Tokoro, Moe Nakahara, Takatoshi Kurihara, Akiko Kubota, Mauricio Córdova-Udaeta, Asako Narita and Yutaro Takaya

RSC Sustainability, 2025, 3, 5571
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Green direct recycling of spent LiFePO4via electronic structure reconstruction and reinforced Fe–O d–p orbital hybridization for enhanced energy storage performance

Zonghao Xu, Zongyu Guan, Yan Song, Xiran Zhao, Yaodong Yuan, Zhipeng Yan, Junhang Tian, Xueyi Sun, Biwei Xiao and Weidong Zhuang

Green Chem., 2026, 28, 2463
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Impurity incorporation and selective removal in NiSO₄•6H₂O crystals: Mechanistic insights for battery-grade purification

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Hydrometallurgy, 2026, 240, 106621
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Recycling and utilization of cobalt, nickel, and manganese from black mass of spent Li-Ion batteries for supercapacitor applications

Oğuzhan Onar, Sezgin Yasa, Ozan Aydin, Burak Birol and Metin Gencten

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 378, 134695
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Advancing sustainable energy through battery repurposing and micro recycling

Y. Alex, Nidhin Divakaran, Parthasarathy Srinivasan, U.T. Uthappa, Suhail Mubarak, Mamdouh Al-Harthi and Duraisami Dhamodharan

Journal of Energy Storage, 2026, 141, 119317
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Recent advances in the extraction of critical metals from spent lithium-ion batteries: Challenges and solutions- a review

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Stage‐Specific Roles of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Recycling of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries

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Advanced Energy Materials, 2026, 16
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Closed-loop resynthesis of LiNiCoAlO2 cathode active materials from the industrial leachate of spent li-ion batteries

Seoa Kim, Sanghyuk Park, Dongwoo Kim, Chanmin Kim, Namho Koo, Junghwan Kim and Kyungjung Kwon

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 494, 153199
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Selective Lithium Extraction via Chlorination Roasting and Subsequent Valuable Metal Leaching from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Minji Kim, Seungyun Han, Yong Hwan Kim, Young-Min Kim and Eunmi Park

Metals, 2025, 15, 1085
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Development and application of an ion-scale chemical exergy method for assessing resource efficiency in hydrometallurgical solution systems

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Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2026, 14, 122341
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Selective lithium recovery using bacterial cellulose acetate membranes: toward green recycling of spent Li-ion batteries

Arooj Fatima, Hafiz M. Saif, Francisco X. Nascimento, Sylwin Pawlowski and João G. Crespo

Journal of Membrane Science, 2026, 737, 124776
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Assessing performance in lithium-ion batteries recycling processes: A quantitative modeling perspective

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Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2024, 206, 107643
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From waste to catalyst: Recycling spent lithium-ion battery materials for water electrolysis and fuel cells

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Future Batteries, 2026, 10, 100171
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CRUSADE project: Recycling technologies for ELV components to create a sustainable source of market grade materials for EU applications

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Li-ion battery recycling by energy-efficient, high-throughput Li2SO4 salt splitting in a diaphragm flow cell

Jason W. Misleh, J. Gage Wright, Benjamin P. Charnay and Matthew W. Kanan

Watt, 2026, 1
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Study of Fe2+ removal from laterite nickel-ore leaching pregnant solutions: optimization and kinetics

Flaviana Yohanala Prista Tyassena, Widya Almaidah Kusumah, Syafirna Aisyah Cantika, Alya Rifaya Fauzia, Fitri Junianti, Syardah Ugra Al Adawiyah and Gyan Prameswara

Transit Met Chem, 2025, 50, 301
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Innovative ceramic pigments from recycled lithium-ion battery cathodes for inkjet applications

Marta Rodrigo, María Fernanda Gazulla, Eulalia Zumaquero and Jorge González

Open Ceramics, 2024, 19, 100638
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A review of contemporary and emerging recycling methods for lithium-ion batteries with a focus on NMC cathodes

Gisele Azimi and Ka Ho Chan

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A robust multi-criteria decision framework for sustainable recycling of NCM lithium-ion battery cathodes under uncertainty and policy scenarios

Solmaz Abbasi

Results in Engineering, 2026, 110015
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Two-zone displacement chromatography method for recovering high-purity lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese salts with high yields from NMC cathodes of waste lithium-ion batteries

Gabriel Perez Schuster, Yi Ding and Nien-Hwa Linda Wang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 524, 168717
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Efficient recovery of strategic materials from spent lithium-ion batteries: Optimization using an experimental design methodology

N. Conte, J.M. Gómez, J.A. Muñoz and L. Castro

Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 2025, 19, 100775
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Recovery of strategic metals (cobalt, nickel) from lithium-ion batteries through adsorption and desorption: Insights in desorption mechanisms and ultrasound enhancement

N. Conte, J.M. Gómez, M. Comino, E. Díez and A. Rodríguez

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 363, 132064
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A study of the addition of g-C3N4 in direct regeneration of spent LiFePO4 battery cathodes on the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIB)

Eka Nurul Falah, Widyastuti, Lukman Noerochim, Retno Asih, Muhammad Bagas Ananda, Alvian Toto Wibisono, Yusuf Pradesar, Liyana Labiba Zulfa and Infimum Yulamda

Materials Research Bulletin, 2025, 187, 113378
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From Layers to Loops: Toward Sustainable Layered Oxide Cathodes and Circular Recycling Pathways for Sodium‐ and Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Syed Asim Ali, Saad Zafar, Iqra Sadiq and Tokeer Ahmad

Small, 2025, 21
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Low-cost and efficient extraction of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries via peroxide-enhanced NaCl–EG deep eutectic solvent

Zaheer Abbas and Simon MoonGeun Jung

Waste Management, 2026, 214, 115421
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Membrane-based extraction of critical materials from spent batteries and other mineral wastes

Funeka Matebese, Mabore J. Raseala and Richard M. Moutloali

Front. Membr. Sci. Technol., 2026, 5
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Advancing silicon anodes with polymeric coatings

Kang Lu, Zijie Lu, Hannah Loizzo-Jay and Xiangbo Meng

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A Sustainable Process for the Extraction of Critical Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Through Bioleaching: A Review

Pragyan Parimita Panda, D P Krishna Samal, Lala Behari Sukla and Sunil Kumar Behera

Trans Indian Inst Met, 2026, 79
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Evaluation of Filter Cake Washing Processes in Hydrometallurgical Battery Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries to Optimize Recoveries

Dominic Dittmer, Maya Andary, Fabian Diaz and Bernd Friedrich

Metals, 2025, 15, 1262
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Achieving high rate performance in hybrid pristine-recycled cathodes using model-informed electrode designs

Corey R. Randall, Nick McKalip, Kae E. Fink, Ankit Verma, Avtar Singh, Anudeep Mallarapu, Peter J. Weddle and Andrew M. Colclasure

Electrochimica Acta, 2026, 555, 148385
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Magnetic field-assisted bioleaching of cathode materials from spent Li-ion batteries using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

Jun-Ho Hong, Jeon Kim, Ejin Han, Seon-Mo Yang, Hee-Soo Kim, Jihwan Kim and Chong Seung Yoon

Chemosphere, 2025, 376, 144303
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Environmental Impact of Lead-Acid Batteries: A Review of Sustainable Alternatives for Production and Recycling Based on Life Cycle Analysis

Dimas Alberto Pincay-Pilay and Eugenio F. Carrasco

Sustainability, 2025, 17, 10815
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Investigation of reaction mechanism in selective citric acid leaching of Ni and Co from NMC cathodes via real time Raman spectroscopy and RSM optimization

Adyatma Bhagaskara, Dita Adi Saputra, Wega Trisunaryanti, Karna Wijaya, Kharistya Rozana, Herri Susanto, Revaldo Anugerah Putra Pradana, Hermawan Dwi Hartanto, Latifa Hanum Lalasari and Agus Budi Prasetyo

Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 2026, 103, 102410
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Eco-Friendly Hydrometallurgical Recycling of End-of-Life Li-Ion Batteries for High Purity Lithium Carbonate Recovery

Hosam Hasan, Usama Nour Eldemerdash, Kuniaki Murase and Mohamed A. Gepreel

Metall Mater Trans B, 2026, 57, 2398
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Battery recycling and critical material demand in electric vehicle scenarios to 2050

Abdullah Isilti, Greg Marsden and James E. Tate

Journal of Cleaner Production, 2026, 552, 147983
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Effective and sustainable lithium ion battery recycling strategy for circular economy: Ultrasound assisted direct leaching of black mass containing NMC/LCO/LMO/graphite mixed powders

Halide Nur Dursun, Emircan Uysal, Fırat Burat and Sebahattin Gürmen

Hydrometallurgy, 2026, 240, 106630
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Bioleaching inhibition assessment of Ni, Al, Cu, and carbon black in spent lithium-ion batteries and suggested future perspectives

Sanghyun Lee, Seonjong Yun, Ujin Son, Hyo Jung Lee, Jino Son, Moonsuk Hur, Hyun Kyung Oh, Junmo Ahn and Gukhwa Hwang

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2026, 14, 121644
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Recovery of valuable metals from leached solutions of black mass through precipitation method

Natcha Wongnaree, Tanongsak Yingnakorn, Natthicha Ma-Ud, Loeslakkhana Sriklang and Sakhob Khumkoa

Results in Engineering, 2025, 25, 104190
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Spent Lithium Battery Recycling: Traditional and Innovative Approaches

Carmen Lo Sardo, Giuseppina Cacciatore, Gregorio Cappuccino, Donatella Aiello and Anna Napoli

Processes, 2025, 13, 950
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An Overview of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: A Comparison of Brazilian and International Scenarios

Jean Furlanetto, Marcus V. C. de Lara, Murilo Simionato, Vagner do Nascimento and Giovani Dambros Telli

WEVJ, 2025, 16, 371
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Electrochemical Properties of Unused Graphite Electrode Composite after Exfoliation and Recoating

Hideaki Oka

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2025, 13, 6399
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Guidelines for zirconium tolerance in Li-ion battery cathode recycling from manufacturing scraps

Huisu Jeung, Gigap Han, Chan Mi Jeon and Kyungjung Kwon

Chemosphere, 2025, 387, 144684
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Spent Lithium-ion Battery Recycling: the Thermodynamics and Kinetics Process of NCM Cathode Materials Reduced with Hazelnut Shells Via the Coats-Redfern Method

Wen-bo Lou, Shu-han Zhang, Ya-nan Sun, Da Zhao, De-an Fang, Hong-hui Liu and Dong-yan Liu

Korean J. Chem. Eng., 2026
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High-pressure acid leaching of laterite ores: Effect of acid and solid content on Ni and Co yield under non-isothermal and isothermal conditions

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Hydrometallurgy, 2025, 238, 106576
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The recovery of critical elements (Li, Co, Ni, Mn) from waste Lithium-Ion batteries using deep eutectic solvent: A review

Ridho Nahrowi, M. Widya Aryani, Azwar Manaf, Anton Sapto Handoko, Erik Prasetyo, Suharto Suharto, Diah Susanti, Hanif Amrulloh and Fathan Bahfie

Hydrometallurgy, 2026, 242, 106689
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Waste to value: Synthesis of efficient MnFe2O4 catalytic materials from spent LiMn2O4 cathode materials via FeSO4 reductive leaching and in-situ coprecipitation

Qiong Wang, Nannan Zhang, Zhihao Hong, Jun Wu, Liang Xu, Cheng Yang, Zhuo Zhao and Yongpan Tian

Journal of Environmental Management, 2026, 402, 129116
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Efficient recycling of mixed spent cathodes via divergent chelation

Junting Chen, Bingyan Zhang, Xiang Hu, Xueqi Ren, Jie Gu, Xiao Yan, Zhouyang Long and Shun Yang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 529, 172972
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Pyrolyzed “Black Mass” Feedstocks and Their Synthetic Proxies Relevant to Li-Ion Battery Recycling

Alexander J. Bologna, Rebecca C. Vincent, Anna Kallistova, Justin A. Mayer, Matthew A. Wright, Clarina R. Dela Cruz, Rui Zhang, Fabian Seeler, Kerstin Schierle-Arndt and Ram Seshadri

ACS Omega, 2025, 10, 25546
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Pathway to industrial application of heterotrophic organisms in critical metals recycling from e-waste

Mehdi Golzar-Ahmadi, Nazanin Bahaloo-Horeh, Fatemeh Pourhossein, Forough Norouzi, Nora Schoenberger, Christian Hintersatz, Mital Chakankar, Maria Holuszko and Anna H. Kaksonen

Biotechnology Advances, 2024, 77, 108438
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Experimental and environmental impact of early-stage lithium recovery in lithium-ion battery recycling

Dominic Dittmer, Abdur-Rahman Ali, Mahya Nezhadfard, Neill Bartie, Fabian Diaz, Steffen Blömeke, Daniel Schröder, Christoph Herrmann and Bernd Friedrich

Waste Management, 2026, 211, 115283
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A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of an Electric and a Conventional Mid-Segment Car: Evaluating the Role of Critical Raw Materials in Potential Abiotic Resource Depletion

Andrea Cappelli, Nicola Stefano Trimarchi, Simone Marzeddu, Riccardo Paoli and Francesco Romagnoli

Energies, 2025, 18, 3698
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Co-leaching of Li, Fe, Al, and Cu from active materials of LFP batteries

A. M. Salomatin, I. V. Zinov’eva, Yu. A. Zakhodyaeva and A. A. Voshkin

Žurnal neorganičeskoj himii, 2024, 69, 1063
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Sustainable leaching of critical metals from lithium ion battery black mass using a citric acid and choline chloride deep eutectic solvent

Fernando Sitorus, Elin Stromberg, Lea Rouquette, Kim André Nesse Vorland, Mahmoud Khalifeh, David Wragg, Martina Petranikova and Duygu Yilmaz

Discov Sustain, 2025, 6
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Ionic liquids-mediated technologies for metals recycling from lithium-ion battery cathode materials: A comprehensive review

Jasmina Mušović, Slađana Marić, Ana Jocić and Aleksandra Dimitrijević

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 376, 134090
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Co-Leaching of Li, Fe, Al, and Cu from Active Materials of LFP Batteries

A. M. Salomatin, I. V. Zinov’eva, Yu. A. Zakhodyaeva and A. A. Voshkin

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Recovery of Lithium and Cobalt from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using a Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Choline Chloride and Oxalic Acid (Oxaline)

Jessica M. Guamán-Gualancañay, Carlos F. Aragón-Tobar, Katherine Moreno, José-Luis Palacios and Diana Endara

Molecules, 2025, 30, 4690
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A Review of Direct Recycling Processes for Lithium-Ion Battery Cells

Michał Łach, Agnieszka Przybek, Piotr Duda and Piotr Bielaczyc

Materials, 2025, 18, 5608
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Cost modelling and key drivers in lithium-ion battery recycling

Lisa Schlott, Moritz Gutsch and Jens Leker

Nat. Rev. Clean Technol., 2025, 1, 656
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Selective metal recovery from ternary lithium-ion battery cathodes via potential-controlled electrodeposition in deep eutectic solvents

Chih-Min Chang and Wei-Fan Kuan

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Halometallurgy: Reduction of Battery Cathode Materials under a Quasi-Inert Environment of Alkali Chloride Salts

Arseniy Bokov, Anna Shelyug, Liuda Mereacre, Michael Knapp and Helmut Ehrenberg

Chem. Mater., 2026, 38, 2727
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Selective recycling of lithium from spent NMC Li-ion batteries via sulfuric acid-assisted roasting

Pooya Akbaripour, Sadegh Firoozi and Davoud Fatmehsari Haghshenas

Separation and Purification Technology, 2026, 394, 137367
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Upscaled Recycling of Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Cathode Using an Automated Electrochemical System towards Low-Carbon Utilization of Waste Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB)

Danielle Abigail Clyde, Khai Yang Tan, Wen Jie Yiang, Wen Siong Poh, Jessin Tiu, Jiexiang Wang, Jun-tao Li, Nay Ming Huang, Binghui Chen and Chuan Yi Foo

ACS EST Eng., 2025, 5, 979
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From degradation to restoration: Rapid regulation of antisite defects and interface reconstruction for upgrading spent LiFePO4 cathodes

Ruihang Su, Ran An and Pengfei Yan

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Reconstruction and direct upcycling of degraded NCM111 cathodes to durable single-crystal Li-rich Mn-based cathodes

Weihao Lin, Bin Yuan, Fanbo Meng, Yuzhang Xiao, Guangyao Yang, Weiliang Peng, Sen Li, Qiying Han, Jun Liu and Renzong Hu

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Black mass impurities effect on re-synthesized NMC811 by carbonate coprecipitation

Valérie Charbonneau, François Larouche, Kamyab Amouzegar, Ashok Vijh, Gervais Soucy and Jocelyn Veilleux

Journal of Power Sources Advances, 2025, 36, 100193
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Research progress on recycling and high-valuepent LiFePO4 cathode materials

Jiajun Chen, Chang Miao, Yu Duan, Chengjin Liu, Zhiyan Wang, Wenming Peng, Jiaxiang Wan, Jinqi Jiao, Tianyu Wen and Wei Xiao

Future Batteries, 2026, 10, 100172
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Recycling of NMC black mass from spent lithium-ion battery using supercritical fluid extraction

Mahla Mahmoudi, Maziar E. Sauber and Gisele Azimi

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Using glycine to recover valuable metals from lithium-ion batteries

Ehsan Tahan and Hassan Koohestani

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Enhanced Proton-Selective Hybrid Polybenzimidazole/Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes for Acid Recovery from Lithium Battery Leachate Using Electrodialysis

Daniil Golubenko, Dmitrii Petukhov, Raed A. Al-Juboori, Sabu Varghese, Daniel Johnson and Nidal Hilal

ACS EST Eng., 2025, 5, 1907
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Effect of Cathode Active Material Layer Thickness on Separation in Lithium-Ion Batteries via Pulsed Discharge

Moe Nakahara, Shinichi Higuchi, Asako Narita and Chiharu Tokoro

IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 2026, 54, 1026
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