The Rise of Polymeric Hydrogels, Sponges, and Electrospun Fibers as adsorbents for Microplastics Removal: Prospects for Sustainable Future

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous and recognized as a significant environmental contaminant, owing to their persistent accumulation in terrestrial and aquatic environment. Microplastic pollution is primarily driven by rapid industrialization, improper disposal, and poor plastic waste management practices, and is extremely harmful to the environment and living species. To overcome this issue, sustainable approaches and mitigation strategies are necessary for removing MPs from environment. In this regard, various approaches have been developed so far including adsorption which is considered highly efficient. So far, various types of adsorbents, including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), inorganic nanoparticles-based composites, 2D nanomaterials, and polymeric materials have been explored for the removal of MPs. Among adsorption-based materials, polymeric hydrogels, sponges, and electrospun fibers have recently gained significant attention due to their high porosity, tunable surface properties, and excellent adsorption capacity. Additionally, biodegradable polymer-based materials offer the possibility of removing MPs without causing any adverse impact on the environment as they do not generate any toxic byproducts upon degradation after their purpose is served. However, several factors including material reusability, long-term stability, and capability to degrade MPs must be resolved for their better performance. Hence, in this review, we have comprehensively and critically highlighted the recent advancements in polymer-based hydrogels, sponges, and electrospun fibers for MPs removal. We also summarize the facts associated with the contamination caused by MPs and explore recent MPs removal techniques, including physical methods, chemical methods, and biological methods. In addition, we describe the management strategies that can help mitigating issues of MPs-based environmental pollution. Finally, we discuss the current challenges associated with these materials for facilitating MPs remediation in a more efficient, scalable, and environment-friendly way for sustainable future.