Issue 5, 2021

Boron “gluing” nitrogen heteroatoms in a prepolymerized ionic liquid-based carbon scaffold for durable supercapacitive activity

Abstract

The incorporation of heterogeneous active sites into the carbon scaffold offers great potential to break the energy limitation in state-of-the-art supercapacitors, but rich heteroatomic motifs essentially thwart the scaffold firmness, leading to poor power/cycling durability under wide operational voltages/temperatures. Herein, a high-crosslinking prepolymerized ionic liquid p[ABA-co-MA][PA] network is designed to initially trap volatile heterogeneous segments during annealing, and gives the final N/B/O-doped porous carbon scaffolds (CPILs) with rich electroactive sites and pre-supposed structural superiorities. B-doped sites on the scaffold are bridged to glue/fix more electroactive N (4.21–9.05 at%) compared with the solely N-doped sample (2.87 at%), and the high binding energy of the consequent B–C bonds further consolidates the porous carbon scaffold for durable ion/electron transfer. As a result, the highly electroactive CPIL surface with 2629 m2 g−1 surface area and 23.13 at% electroactive N/B/O enables a large specific capacitance (359 F g−1 @ 0.5 A g−1) and slight capacitance fade (19% @ 20 A g−1) in H2SO4 electrolyte, as well as maximized electrode capacitance up to 211 F g−1 at 3.5 V in EMIM-BF4 owing to the strong electrosorption ability of the electrolyte ions. Moreover, the CPIL-loaded symmetric supercapacitor in TMA-BF4/EMIM-BF4 electrolyte yields a high energy output of 116 W h kg−1 @ 400 W kg−1 under a high potential of 4 V, durable service life (98.2% retention after 10 000 cycles) and wide temperature applicability from −3.5 to 82 °C. This work highlights the comprehensive improvement of multi-heteroatom doping in supercapacitive activity and durability, which provides an appealing strategy to enrich various applications.

Graphical abstract: Boron “gluing” nitrogen heteroatoms in a prepolymerized ionic liquid-based carbon scaffold for durable supercapacitive activity

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
13 Oki 2020
Accepted
30 Nov 2020
First published
08 Des 2020

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021,9, 2714-2724

Boron “gluing” nitrogen heteroatoms in a prepolymerized ionic liquid-based carbon scaffold for durable supercapacitive activity

L. Miao, H. Duan, D. Zhu, Y. Lv, L. Gan, L. Li and M. Liu, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021, 9, 2714 DOI: 10.1039/D0TA09985F

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