Integrated Microfluidic Biosensors: Shaping the Future of Quantitative Life Sciences and On-Chip Molecular Diagnostics

Abstract

Integrated microfluidic biosensors have rapidly evolved into powerful platforms to meet the increasing demand for ultrasensitive and high-throughput quantitative analysis. By seamlessly combining sample preparation and enrichment through microfluidics with real-time detection via biosensors, these systems provide unmatched benefits in sensitivity, speed, portability, and immediate monitoring, thereby transforming diagnostics of humans and animals, environmental sensing, and point-of-care testing. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of microfluidics and integrated microfluidics with biosensors, highlighting the synergistic interplay between these two complementary fields and their various biomedical applications. We begin by examining different microfluidic technologies, including 3D dynamic cell culture systems, inertial microfluidic separation, acoustofluidics, dielectrophoresis, optofluidics, and immunoassays. Next, we discuss integrated microfluidic systems that incorporate various biosensor technologies, including electrochemical, electrophysiological, plasmonic, Raman, and quantum sensors. These are designed to detect and analyze DNA, RNA, proteins, exosomes, cells, and small organisms, covering a size range from nanometers to millimeters. Additionally, we discuss the wide range of applications for integrated microfluidic biosensors and examine significant challenges and future opportunities that will influence their ongoing development and practical use. Finally, we highlight successful commercial products developed with integrated microfluidic technologies.