Functionally modified metal–organic frameworks for the removal of toxic dyes from wastewater

Abstract

Dye wastewater pollution is a pervasive problem that hinders sustainable development. Adsorption is a particularly important technique for treating dye wastewater because of its low cost, high efficiency, and operational ease. Moreover, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered promising materials for the removal of toxic dyes from industrial wastewater because of their exceptionally high porosity, abundant active sites, and receptiveness to functional modification. This review highlights recent advancements in functionally modified MOFs (FM-MOFs) fabricated as adsorbents for effective organic dye removal, and classifies the FM-MOFs based on various modification strategies. In particular, the effects of these functional modification strategies on the adsorption driving forces between the FM-MOF adsorbents and organic dyes are systematically examined.