Advances in conducting nanocomposite hydrogels for wearable biomonitoring

Arpita Roy, Ronak Afshari, Saumya Jain, Yuting Zheng, Min-Hsuan Lin, Shea Zenkar, Junyi Yin, Jun Chen, Nicholas A. Peppas and Nasim Annabi

Chem. Soc. Rev., 2025, 54, 2595
DOI: 10.1039/D4CS00220B

High toughness and low modulus MXene organogel for wearable strain sensors

Yafei Liu, Lulu Cui, Ying Lv, Huixia Feng, Jianhui Qiu, Na Shang, YanPing Jiang and Lei Yu

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2025, 13, 32765
DOI: 10.1039/D5TA04790K

In vitro evaluation of 3D-printed conductive chitosan–polyaniline scaffolds with exosome release for enhanced angiogenesis and cardiomyocyte protection

Amir Hashemi, Masoumeh Ezati, Inna Zumberg, Larisa Chmelíková, Zdenka Fohlerová and Valentýna Provazník

RSC Adv., 2025, 15, 16826
DOI: 10.1039/D5RA02940F

Cellulose nanocrystal-reinforced thermally responsive dynamic hydrogel

Long Yang, Simei Zhang, Zemei Hu, Jing Li and Guangyin Xie

New J. Chem., 2024, 48, 17865
DOI: 10.1039/D4NJ02971B

Flexible and antibacterial conductive hydrogels based on silk fibroin/polyaniline/AgNPs for motion sensing and wound healing promotion under electrical stimulation

Ruiqi Liu, Siwei Bi, Linna Zhang, Xiaoyi Li, Kang Dai, Haibo Wang, Zhenyu Zhang and Jun Gu

J. Mater. Chem. B, 2024, 12, 10346
DOI: 10.1039/D4TB01505C

Transient behavior of self-healable ultra-stretchable carboxylic acid-doped polyaniline films for sustainable and re-processable polymer electronics

Arya Ajeev, Theodore Warfle, Colton Duprey and Evan K. Wujcik

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2026
DOI: 10.1039/D5TA10370C

A state-of-the-art review of multi-cross-linked hydrophobic associated hydrogels for soft electronic, biomedical, and environmental applications

Pooria Rahmani, Akbar Shojaei, Mohammadreza Sahabi, Mohammad Akbarizadeh, Mani Mahmoodi and Aref Zarghanishiraz

J. Mater. Chem. B, 2025, 13, 9329
DOI: 10.1039/D5TB00506J

Soft and tough cellulose nanocrystals interlocked with polyacrylate-bearing cyanobiphenyl ionogels through a double network strategy

Patrick K. Njenga, Francis K. Masese, Dennis M. Ndaya, M. Daniela Morales-Acosta, Nicholas Eddy and Rajeswari M. Kasi

Soft Matter, 2025, 21, 1699
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM01409J

Dual-Conductive Hydrogels via Graphene Oxide-Cellulose Molecular Engineering for High-Performance Bioelectronics

Lian Shu, Xiong-Fei Zhang, Hu Liu, Mengjie Li, Jiali Ma and Jianfeng Yao

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater., 2025, 7, 11373
DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.5c01885

Fishnet-inspired dual-crosslinked nanocomposite hydrogels with core-shell SiO2@ZnO for self-powered sensing and intelligent mobility assistance systems

Xiaoli Liang, Zhoujing Chen, Hong Ruan and Yuqi Li

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2025, 723, 137365
DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.137365

Multifunctional poly(sulfobetaine acrylamide) hydrogel integrating robust mechanical properties, pH-triggered multicolor fluorescence, and antibacterial efficacy

Cheng-Zhen Yuan, Yi-Chen Ou, Yu-Jui Pan, Shao-An Hua and Hsiu-Wen Chien

Dyes and Pigments, 2026, 245, 113177
DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113177

All-natural biomass-based multifunctional conductive hydrogel for an all-in-one wearable strain sensor

Xugang Dang, Boyan Guo, Yuntao Fu, Yufei Fei and Xuechuan Wang

Cell Biomaterials, 2025, 1, 100076
DOI: 10.1016/j.celbio.2025.100076

Conductive Hydrogel with Ta4C3TX MXene to Detect Human Movement

Fan Wu, Long Yu, Liyi Zhou, Jiarong Zhang, Ya’nan Zhao, Chunna Yu, Chang Zhao and Guangjian Xing

ACS Appl. Nano Mater., 2024, 7, 27668
DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.4c05735

Survey of Sustainable Wearable Strain Sensors Enabled by Biopolymers and Conductive Organic Polymers

Cephas Amoah and W. G. Skene

Gels, 2025, 11, 235
DOI: 10.3390/gels11040235

A robust, fatigue-resistant, self-healing, and recyclable κ-carrageenan-based ionic conductive hydrogel with synergistic K+/Ca2+ enhancement for multifunctional flexible sensor

Yige Chen, Qiaoyu Huang, Man Zhou, Yong Hu, Yuhong Zhang, Xueliang Jiang and Zhaoxia Chen

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025, 331, 148427
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.148427

Micro‐Corrugated Hydrogel Electrodes for High‐Performance Biofuel Cells via Capillary Force and Ligand Exchange‐Induced Metal Nanoparticle Assembly

Eunju Choi, Jun Hyung Kim, Su Hwan Kim, Hye Min Yu, Gee Chan Jin, Jeongmin Mo, Junha Pak, Seung‐Kyum Choi, Jongkuk Ko, Jinhan Cho and Cheong Hoon Kwon

Small, 2026, 22
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202512318

Antibacterial conductive hydrogels with freeze-directed microstructures reinforced by polyaniline-encapsulated bacterial cellulose for flexible sensors

Feihong Hu, Dehai Yu, Baoting Dong, Xi Gong, Zhiyang Li, Rui Zhao, Qiang Wang, Guodong Li, Huili Wang, Wenxia Liu, Fengshan Zhang, Zhixin Chen and Yingjie Zhao

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 512, 162702
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.162702

Fabrication of highly stretchable composite organohydrogel for strain sensors with high sensitivity and broad temperature tolerance

Xueyan Wang, Bingyan Wang, Wenxia Liu, Xiaona Liu, Zhaoping Song, Dehai Yu, Guodong Li and Huili Wang

Applied Materials Today, 2024, 39, 102319
DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2024.102319

Advancements in polyacrylamide gel electrolytes for aqueous zinc-ion batteries: High conductivity, anti-freezing, and self-healing

Tao Li, Hang Shu, Jiating Liu, Jiawei Lu, Xizhi Liao, Aokui Sun and Yi Chen

Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 131, 117477
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.117477

Skin-inspired cellulose-based hydrogel design with hydrophobic-conductive synergy for enhanced electrochemical nanoplastic removal

Wenqin Zhong, Yehan Tao, Jialu Song, Jian Du, Jinwen Hu, Chenglong Fu, Jie Lu, Yanna Lv and Haisong Wang

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2026, 382, 125298
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.125298

An anisotropic multi-amine-mediated dynamic network for strong, tough, and self-strengthening conductive hydrogel

Qingye Liu, Xiaohui Wang, Wenbo Xu, Xuan Ning, Yu Yang, Peng Li, Yanling Hu, Xiaojun Li and Qingqing Li

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 529, 172956
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2026.172956

Liquid Metals as Initiators of Free‐Radical Polymerization of Hydrogels: A Perspective

Syed Ahmed Jaseem, Pooria Rahmani, Tushar Sakorikar, Jinwoo Ma, Omar Almutairi, Maxim A. Voinov, Alex I. Smirnov, Baihang Chen and Michael D. Dickey

Adv Funct Materials, 2026, 36
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202514024

High-performance PVA-based hydrogels for ultra-sensitive and durable flexible sensors

Yuhang Han, Yuanyuan Liu, Yande Liu, Dawei Jiang, Zijian Wu, Bo Jiang, Hui Yan and Zhexenbek Toktarbay

Adv Compos Hybrid Mater, 2025, 8
DOI: 10.1007/s42114-024-01137-5

Applied research and recent advances in the development of flexible sensing hydrogels from cellulose: A review

Jinru Liu, Shenghua Lv, Yanlu Mu, Jiahao Tong, Leipeng Liu, Tingxiang He, Qiao Zeng and Dequan Wei

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 281, 136100
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136100

Neural network inspired bionic ordered structure polyaniline gel for wearable sensor

Kaiwen Zhang, Li Chen, Yao Li, Xu Fei, Jing Tian, Longquan Xu and Yi Wang

European Polymer Journal, 2024, 217, 113314
DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2024.113314

Design of a multilayer structured hydrophobic ultrasensitive strain/pressure sensor: for human motion monitoring, dynamic dual-mode thermal management and underwater communication

Mengnan Qu, Menglin Zhu, Qinghua Liu, Ruizhe Zhang, Yuhang Gao, Zheng Dong, Jin Zhang, Mengge Cao, Xiao Wei and Jinmei He

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 520, 166188
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.166188

Surfactant associated mechanical and rheological properties of the flexible hydrogels for strain sensing applications

Ibrar Ahmad, Muhammad Sher, Luqman Ali Shah, Jun Fu and Hyeongmin Yoo

Materials Today Chemistry, 2025, 50, 103204
DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2025.103204

Nanocellulose-based hydrogels for smart sensors

Binqing Sun, Chunling Zhang, Xin Li, Landi Zhong, Zhengjian Zhang and Dezhi Zhou

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2025, 368, 124152
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124152

Adhesive, Biocompatible, Antibacterial, and Degradable Collagen-Based Conductive Hydrogel as Strain Sensor for Human Motion Monitoring

Lixia Liao, Jiyuan Zhang, Jiaqi Ding, Chengzhi Xu, Lian Zhu, Yuanjing Hou, Sheng Li, Juntao Zhang, Benmei Wei and Haibo Wang

Molecules, 2024, 29, 5728
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29235728

A transparent, highly conductive, and ultrastretchable co-crosslinked hydrogel for high-sensitivity and wide-range wearable strain sensors

Junyi Zhou, Kunlong Huang and Tianmin Wu

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2025, 699, 138223
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2025.138223

Femtosecond Laser Fabrication of High-Linearity Liquid Metal-Based Flexible Strain Sensor

Cheng Li, Chengjun Zhang, Haoyu Li, Zexiang Luo, Yuanchen Zhang, Xun Hou, Qing Yang and Feng Chen

Materials, 2024, 17, 1979
DOI: 10.3390/ma17091979

Multifunctional fiber-based sensors for next generation wearable technologies

Wen-Wu Zhang, Chen-Yu Wang, Ke-Zheng Chen and Sheng-Lin Qiao

Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2025, 396, 117164
DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117164

Matrix-Free, Supramolecularly Assembled PANI/HEDP/Lignosulfonate Hydrogel Electrodes for Advanced Flexible Supercapacitors

Cong Liu, Shifang Ye, Wenyan Yang, Shixiang Zhou, Jiading Zhu, Jiantao Cai, Zhe Xin, Peizhong Feng, Litong Guo, Shiwang Ye, Zhen Wu, Jun Ding and Xueyu Tao

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2026
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c24255

Dual-Mode Force-Responsive Information Encryption Enabled by Sustainable Cellulose Nanocrystal-Reinforced Waterborne Nonisocyanate Polyurethanes

Huimin Ren, Qingyu Liao, Ziyu Zhou, Shuna Gao, Ouwei Dai, Xu Du, Baihua Yuan and Hongbin Zhang

Chem. Mater., 2026, 38, 2072
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6c00017

Design and Network Architectures of Conductive Hydrogels: Properties, Functionalities, and Emerging Applications

Shahab Moghari, Hasan Rezaei Haghighat, Ghasem Naderi and Hossein Ali Khonakdar

Polymer Engineering & Sci, 2025, 65, 6479
DOI: 10.1002/pen.70189

Active corrosion protection of epoxy coating filled with surface-engineered cellulose nanocrystals with polyaniline

Alireza Shahnavaz, Akbar Shojaei, Pooria Rahmani and Mohammad Mahdi Ahadian

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025, 302, 140494
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.140494

A Stretchable and Highly Conductive Flexible Hydrogel Electrolyte for Supercapacitor

Luyi Xing, Tao Lin, Xuefeng Yin, Sitian Qu, Guoqiang Peng and Chenyang Li

Fibers Polym, 2026, 27, 2061
DOI: 10.1007/s12221-026-01346-3

Polyvinyl alcohol/quaternary ammonium chitosan hydrogels with excellent conductivity, adhesion, antibacterial and biocompatibility for wearable sensors

Yanwen Xiao, Qiaoyu Huang, Yong Hu, Yige Chen, Man Zhou, Zhaoxia Chen, Xueliang Jiang and Yuhong Zhang

Composites Communications, 2025, 56, 102342
DOI: 10.1016/j.coco.2025.102342

An adhesive, highly stretchable and low-hysteresis alginate-based conductive hydrogel strain sensing system for motion capture

Jie Cao, Zhilin Zhang, Lina Wang, Tao Lin, Hai Li, Qi Zhao, Haibo Wang, Ximei Liu, Hanjun Yang and Baoyang Lu

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 281, 136581
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136581

Cell Membrane-Inspired Dual Network Organohydrogel-Based Flexible Wearable Strain Sensors for Human Motion Monitoring and Encrypted Communication

Yuanhang Li, Peng Liu, Xinyi Ma, Lili Gao, Yaxin Gu, Xintong Shan, Yunxue Liu and Xiangyu Li

J Polym Environ, 2025, 33, 4180
DOI: 10.1007/s10924-025-03637-x

Advances in polysaccharide-based conductive hydrogel for flexible electronics

Yiying Liu, Simian Fu, Kaiming Jin, Yugui Cheng, Yiqi Li, Yunjun Zhao, Ruonan Liu and Ye Tian

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2025, 348, 122836
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122836

Construction of Chitin-Based Composite Hydrogel via AlCl3/ZnCl2/H2O Ternary Molten Salt System and Its Flexible Sensing Performance

Yanjun Lv, Hailong Huang, Guozhong Wu and Yuan Qian

Gels, 2025, 11, 501
DOI: 10.3390/gels11070501

Preparation of Polyaniline-Modified Cellulose/PDMS Composite Triboelectric Material and Application of Its Pretreatment in MOW Pulp

Xiaoping Sun, Yuhe Wei, Yanfen Sun, Juan Yuan, Haoqiu Chen, Zhuo Chen, Mengyang Wang and Lianxin Luo

Polymers, 2024, 16, 1413
DOI: 10.3390/polym16101413

Construction of Tough Multi-Functional Colloidal Hydrogel with Strong or Weak Force Mediated Aggregation Structure for Sensing and Triboelectric Nanogenerator

Ning Yu, Jianjun Chen, Yujiang Meng, Xinyi Xiong, Yichen Bai, Qihui Tang, Yi Wang, Yaling Lin and Anqiang Zhang

Macromolecules, 2025, 58, 7287
DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5c01294

Biomimic Conductive Hydrogel Based on Polyphenol-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals for Flexible Mechano-sensors

Bin Yang, Longfei Jiang, Songteng Luo, Yuan Yao, Yuanyuan Cao and Yongsheng Li

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2026, 18, 5835
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c18390

Low-temperature assisted in-situ layer-by-layer polymerization of polyaniline/cellulose fibers with high strength and conductivity for sensing multiple signals

Mengqi Jian, Zongmao Lv, Runfeng Zhang, Jie Liu, Xuejing Zheng, Jun Zhang and Keyong Tang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 514, 163446
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.163446

Self‐Healing and Ultra‐Stretchable Hydrogel Strain Sensor Based on Poly (AAm‐co‐AMPS) for Multifunctional Biomedical Applications

Maryam Bibi, Arfa Asif, Iftikhar Ali, Gul Hassan, Ahmed Shuja, Shaista Shahzada, Shah Fahad, Imran Murtaza and Carinna Parraman

Advanced Sensor Research, 2025, 4
DOI: 10.1002/adsr.202500100

Recent Progress in Flexible Wearable Sensors Utilizing Conductive Hydrogels for Sports Applications: Characteristics, Mechanisms, and Modification Strategies

Jie Wu, Jingya Hong, Xing Gao, Yutong Wang, Wenyan Wang, Hongchao Zhang, Jaeyoung Park, Weiquan Shi and Wei Guo

Gels, 2025, 11, 589
DOI: 10.3390/gels11080589

Tailoring cellulose: from extraction and chemical modification to advanced industrial applications

Abolfazl Jahani and Mohammad Hossein Jazayeri

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025, 309, 142950
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.142950

Rational design of antifreeze and flexible chitosan-based hydrogels for integration device of supercapacitors electrodes and wearable strain sensors

Xinquan Zou, Hongyuan Liu, Zhenyan Hu, Yi Zhang, Jinggang Cheng, Kun Wang, Yuwei Feng and Jikui Wang

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2025, 354, 123342
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123342

Mechanically adaptable and highly anti-swelling hydrogel enabled by competitive and synergistic ion training for motion monitoring and underwater encryption

Zewen Jiao, Weicheng Gao, Luyao Wang, Yaning Wei, Haoyue Guo, Xubo Yuan and Jin Zhao

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 519, 164953
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.164953

Enhanced Poly(SBMA/HEMA) Hydrogels: Superior Toughness, Biocompatibility, and Antibacterial Efficacy

Cheng-Zhen Yuan, Yi-Jie Jiang, Jiiang-Huei Jeng, Mei-Chi Chang, Li-Wei Tseng and Hsiu-Wen Chien

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater., 2024, 6, 12329
DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.4c02802

3D-printable polyacrylamide/quaternary chitosan-based multifunctional hydrogel flexible sensors

Dingxin Wang, Lin Mei, Qian Liu, Xinhao Zou, Shaoshan Pan, Tianyu Xu, Panfeng Zhao and Tianzhi Luo

Reactive and Functional Polymers, 2025, 214, 106308
DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106308