A review on spent lithium-ion battery recycling: from collection to black mass recovery

Madhushri Bhar, Shuvajit Ghosh, Satheesh Krishnamurthy, Y. Kaliprasad and Surendra K. Martha

RSC Sustainability, 2023, 1, 1150
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High-power recycling: upcycling to the next generation of high-power anodes for Li-ion battery applications

A. J. Green, E. H. Driscoll, P. A. Anderson, E. Kendrick and P. R. Slater

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12, 7321
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Efficient separation of the NCM cathode material and Al foil from spent lithium-ion batteries with oxalic acid under mild conditions

Yuzhang Xiao, Zhi Gao, Weihao Lin, Guangyao Yang, Sikai Peng, Yihong Tong, Weiliang Peng, Bin Yuan, Renzong Hu and Wei Min Huang

Mater. Horiz., 2026, 13, 819
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Direct recycling of EV production scrap NMC532 cathode materials

Emily C. Giles, Abbey Jarvis, Alexander T. Sargent, Paul A. Anderson, Phoebe K. Allan and Peter R. Slater

RSC Sustainability, 2024, 2, 3014
DOI: 10.1039/D4SU00389F

Sustainable direct recycling of Si/Gr scrap electrodes using water-based methods: a green and scalable delamination approach

Stiven López Guzmán, Lisa Schlott, Cristina Luengo, Marine Reynaud, Marcus Fehse and Montse Galceran

Green Chem., 2025, 27, 14695
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Exploring separation techniques for the direct recycling of high voltage spinel LNMO scrap electrodes

Stiven López Guzmán, Marcus Fehse, Emanuele Gucciardi, Marta Cabello, Silvia Martin, Naiara Etxebarria, Miguel Ceja, Miriam Romera, Montse Galceran and Marine Reynaud

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2025, 13, 2690
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Degradation Mechanisms of Electrodes Promotes Direct Regeneration of Spent Li‐Ion Batteries: A Review

Kai Jia, Guorui Yang, Yujia He, Zhenjiang Cao, Juntao Gao, Hongyang Zhao, Zhihong Piao, Junxiong Wang, Amr M. Abdelkader, Zheng Liang, R. Vasant Kumar, Guangmin Zhou, Shujiang Ding and Kai Xi

Advanced Materials, 2024, 36
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Cost modelling and key drivers in lithium-ion battery recycling

Lisa Schlott, Moritz Gutsch and Jens Leker

Nat. Rev. Clean Technol., 2025, 1, 656
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A Review on the Recent Advances in Battery Development and Energy Storage Technologies

George G. Njema, Russel Ben O. Ouma, Joshua K. Kibet and Ponnusami V.

Journal of Renewable Energy, 2024, 2024, 1
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Identification of mode I fracture toughness in GFRP/Al and GFRP/Cu joints for structural batteries

Maryam Niazi, Federico Danzi, Ricardo Carbas and Pedro P. Camanho

Composite Structures, 2024, 349-350, 118509
DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118509

Li-current collector interface in lithium metal batteries

Tian-Yu Wang, Dingyi Zhao, Keyue Liang and Yuzhang Li

Nano Res., 2024, 17, 8706
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-024-6853-5

Closing the Loop From Waste to Resource: A Comprehensive Review on Recycling Current Collectors in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Jie Yang, Benjamin Robinson, Hongqing Hao, Jiayi Zhu, Dong Tian, Zelin Ye, Bo Dong, Kai Yang, S. Ravi P. Silva, Yan Zhao, Xinhua Liu, Rui Tan and Chee Tong John Low

cMat, 2025, 2
DOI: 10.1002/cmt2.70026

Recent advances in green deep eutectic solvents for lithium-ion battery recycling: A perspective on bibliometric analysis

Renyin Cui, Yuhui Ran, Datao Shu, Qing Huang, Qingbin Song, Haixiang Wang, Jianming Zhu and Wenyi Yuan

Journal of Environmental Management, 2025, 377, 124670
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Synthesis of high-entropy perovskite metal fluoride anode materials for lithium-ion batteries via a one-pot solution method

Minghao Su, Song Zhu, Ruijie Yu, Xiangru Li, Suyang Lu, Yushuo Huang, Wenwen Zeng, Jun Mei and Haoran Zhan

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2025, 1010, 177458
DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.177458

Free-standing electrode/separator assembly architectures for improving energy density of Lithium-ion batteries

Hyuk Taek Kwon, Bon-Ryul Koo and Sang Ho Lee

Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 125, 116939
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.116939

Novel electrochemical process for recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

Shaozhen Pei, Shuxuan Yan, Xiangping Chen, Jing Li and Junhua Xu

Waste Management, 2024, 188, 1
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.07.018

Passivation and corrosion of Al current collectors in lithium-ion batteries

Pin Du, Jiale Wan, Jiakang Qu, Hongwei Xie, Dihua Wang and Huayi Yin

npj Mater Degrad, 2024, 8
DOI: 10.1038/s41529-024-00453-x

Engineering aspects of sodium-ion battery: An alternative energy device for Lithium-ion batteries

Ramnarong Wanison, Wahyu Nurkholis Hadi Syahputra, Niti Kammuang-lue, Phrut Sakulchangsatjatai, Chatchawan Chaichana, V. Uma Shankar, Pana Suttakul and Yuttana Mona

Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 100, 113497
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The effect of compressive transverse stress on the mode II fracture toughness of composite joints used in structural batteries

Maryam Niazi, Federico Danzi, Denis Dalli and Pedro P. Camanho

Composite Structures, 2025, 364, 119053
DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.119053

Eco-Friendly Hydrometallurgical Recycling of End-of-Life Li-Ion Batteries for High Purity Lithium Carbonate Recovery

Hosam Hasan, Usama Nour Eldemerdash, Kuniaki Murase and Mohamed A. Gepreel

Metall Mater Trans B, 2026, 57, 2398
DOI: 10.1007/s11663-026-03963-y

Phase-selective recovery and regeneration of end-of-life electric vehicle blended cathodes via selective leaching and direct recycling

Laura L. Driscoll, Abbey Jarvis, Rosie Madge, Elizabeth H. Driscoll, Jaime-Marie Price, Rob Sommerville, Felipe Schnaider Tontini, Mounib Bahri, Milon Miah, B. Layla Mehdi, Emma Kendrick, Nigel D. Browning, Phoebe K. Allan, Paul A. Anderson and Peter R. Slater

Joule, 2024, 8, 2735
DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2024.07.001

Unlocking the value of copper and aluminum foils from spent lithium-ion batteries

Xufeng Qian, Jingqin Ji, Yanlan Zhao, Shaoqi Zhou and Shengming Xu

Energy Storage Materials, 2025, 79, 104309
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104309

A “Cool” Route to Battery Electrode Material Recovery

Lin Chen, Brij Kishore, Bowen Liu, Tengfei Song, Yazid Lakhdar, Osaze Omoregbe, Melanie M Britton, Peter R Slater and Emma Kendrick

Advanced Energy Materials, 2025, 15
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202405924

Interfacial carboxyl network engineering for enhanced adhesion and corrosion resistance in high-loading dry electrodes

Cong Wang, Fei Lin, Zhengshuai Bai, Zibo Zhao, Zige Hong, Mingxin Qiu, Xiaoxi Tang, Linwei Li, Quangang Yang, Yanyan Zhang, Wenhong Zou and Yuxin Tang

Sci. China Chem., 2026
DOI: 10.1007/s11426-025-3172-6

Fluorine‐Free Binder Strategies for High‐Nickel Cathodes: Toward PFAS‐Free Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Woohyeon Shin, Da‐Sol Kwon, Minsol Kim, Jiwon Woo, Hun‐Gi Jung, Joona Bang, Jimin Shim and Jung‐Keun Yoo

ChemSusChem, 2026, 19
DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202501943

Toward Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Next-Generation Recycling Method

Junxiong Wang, Jun Ma, Zhaofeng Zhuang, Zheng Liang, Kai Jia, Guanjun Ji, Guangmin Zhou and Hui-Ming Cheng

Chem. Rev., 2024, 124, 2839
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00884

Towards Sustainable Direct Recycling: Unraveling Structural Degradation Induced by Thermal Pretreatment of Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrodes

Shuaiwei Liu, Oleksandr Dolotko, Thomas Bergfeldt, Michael Knapp and Helmut Ehrenberg

ChemSusChem, 2025, 18
DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400727

Adaptive Localized Ectopic Structure Enhances Regeneration of Spent Lithium‐Ion Battery Cathodes

Siyu Zhang, Yangyang Liu, Gen Chen, Zeinhom M. El‐Bahy, Dalal A. Alshammari, Mohamed H. Helal, Jiang Zhou and Junwei Han

Advanced Materials, 2026, 38
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202513547

Thermal management of 3D lithium-ion pouch cell under fast discharging: a multi-scale multi-domain (MSMD) framework with phase change material, nanoparticle and metal foam

Rajesh Kumar and Anoop K. Gupta

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2025, 242, 126858
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.126858

Sustainable recycling of lithium-ion batteries: Pipe dream or realistic solution

Madlin Spiewak, Jędrzej Piątek, Bruno V.M. Rodrigues and Adam Slabon

Cell Reports Sustainability, 2025, 2, 100429
DOI: 10.1016/j.crsus.2025.100429

Force chain-induced collector damage in calendering: A DEM-FEM study

He Du, Yuxin Zhang, Xiaozhong Du, Kaiyue Yang and Le Zhao

Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 138, 118688
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.118688

A methodology for evaluating electrode interface quality through contact area analysis of calendering-induced particle indentations

Andreas Mayr, Yunhao Liang, Lucas Hille and Rüdiger Daub

Powder Technology, 2026, 472, 122042
DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2025.122042

Lithium-ion battery recycling: a critical review of techno-economical and socio-environmental impacts

Pronob Das, Kasun Hewage, Ravihari Kotagodahetti, Sandun Wanniarachchi and Rehan Sadiq

Separation and Purification Technology, 2026, 382, 135847
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2025.135847

Facile synthesis of aluminum-based adsorbents from spent lithium-ion batteries for efficient Li+ extraction

Jiaqi Wu, Bin Liu, Jian Qian, Yuan Tao, Chenxiao Lin, Ruicheng Wang, Jie Gao and Yonggao Xia

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2025, 13, 117000
DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2025.117000

Advanced Characterization and Rejuvenation of End‐Of‐Life Lithium‐Ion Anodes: Toward the Development of a Green Upcycling Route

Luke Sweeney, Alexander T. Sargent, Yuhang Dai, Shangwei Zhou, Jianuo Chen, Francesco Iacoviello, Rhodri Jervis, Phoebe K. Allan, Peter R. Slater, Charles Monroe, Paul A. Anderson, Paul R. Shearing and Wenjia Du

Small, 2026, 22
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202512626

Facile Synthesis of flexible free-standing electrode for high energy density batteries by using PTMSP as binder

Xing Gao, Jia Cheng, Haoran Xu, Haoran Yang, Jialiang Zhao and Luofeng Wang

Materials Letters, 2024, 377, 137558
DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2024.137558

High-Entropy Cathode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Yuncai Chen, Xingxing Yin, Jun Wang, Haohong Chen, Fan Li, Chunhui Zhong, Wenxiang Zhang, Haw Jiunn Woo, Chao Wang and Qingxia Liu

Electrochem. Energy Rev., 2025, 8
DOI: 10.1007/s41918-025-00270-z

Sustainability of electrode scrap recycling – Quantifying the environmental benefit of direct recycling routes for battery production scrap

Hannes Lefherz, Marco Ahuis, Nikolas Dilger, Arno Kwade and Sabrina Zellmer

Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 132, 117688
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.117688

Direct recycling of cathode scrap: retain or remove residual binder and conductive carbon additives?

Stiven López Guzmán, Cristina Luengo, Marine Reynaud, Montse Galceran and Marcus Fehse

J. Phys. Energy, 2025, 7, 045024
DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ae09fb

Anode-free sodium metal batteries: Synergistic breakthroughs in material design and interfacial engineering

Xun Zou, Yanli Wang, Quan Ye, Fuchen Ye, Rongkai Kang, Han Wang, Xingchang Zhang, Boya Zhang, Yue Mou and Jianxin Zhang

Energy Storage Materials, 2025, 81, 104491
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104491

Electrochemical and mechanical characterization of thermosets as fluorine‐free cathode binders for Li‐ion batteries

Shihao Pan, Maureen H. Tang and Nicolas J. Alvarez

AIChE Journal, 2024, 70
DOI: 10.1002/aic.18577

Impact of Na-Carboxymethyl Cellulose Binder Type on Hard Carbon Performance and SEI Formation in Sodium-Ion Batteries

Adrian Beda, Sirine Zallouz, Samar Hajjar-Garreau, Hamza El Marouazi, Loïc Simonin and Camélia Matei Ghimbeu

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2024, 16, 68664
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c15906

Efficient separation of copper and aluminum foils from spent lithium-ion batteries via sulfidization flotation

Lijue Wang, Yongwei Wang, Shen’ao Zhang, Kunhong Gu and Junwei Han

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2025, 13, 119411
DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2025.119411

The evolution of lithium-ion battery recycling

Xiaotu Ma, Zifei Meng, Marilena Velonia Bellonia, Jeffrey Spangenberger, Gavin Harper, Eric Gratz, Elsa Olivetti, Renata Arsenault and Yan Wang

Nat. Rev. Clean Technol., 2025, 1, 75
DOI: 10.1038/s44359-024-00010-4

A Review of Direct Recycling Processes for Lithium-Ion Battery Cells

Michał Łach, Agnieszka Przybek, Piotr Duda and Piotr Bielaczyc

Materials, 2025, 18, 5608
DOI: 10.3390/ma18245608

Closing the loop: Bibliometric insights into lithium-cobalt recovery and nanomaterial enhanced lithium-ion batteries

Liey-si Wong-Pinto, Patricio Cofré, María Lucia Viton, Matías Navea, Tamara Catalán, Camila Gutiérrez and Luis Rojas

Journal of Energy Storage, 2026, 154, 121115
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2026.121115

Acid-Assisted Separation of Cathodic Material from Spent Electric Vehicle Batteries for Recycling

Anton Zorin, Tengfei Song, Dominika Gastol and Emma Kendrick

Metals, 2023, 13, 1276
DOI: 10.3390/met13071276

Recycling Technologies for Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries: An Overview

Zhiwei Wang, Xin Chen, Lili Xing, Yurong Zhang, Mengjie Liu, Chengwei Zou, Wentianyu Zhang, Saifei Pan, Haojie Li and Xuetao Wang

Materials, 2026, 19, 674
DOI: 10.3390/ma19040674

Preparation and study of modified phytic acid/epoxy resin anti-corrosion coating

Jun-Jie Ju, Yang Wang, Ming-Hua Yu, Xin Sun, Wei-Li Li and Zheng-Bai Zhao

Colloid Polym Sci, 2024, 302, 117
DOI: 10.1007/s00396-023-05183-1

Development and implementation of a manipulator for the automated handling of electrodes during the disassembly of lithium-ion pouch cells

Sebastian Henschel, Simon Buschulte, Florian Kößler and Jürgen Fleischer

Procedia CIRP, 2025, 136, 787
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Surface Segregation Reconstructing Alloy Substrate for Ultra‐Stable Zinc‐Based Batteries

Wenxuan Yao, Zhexuan Liu, Min Wang, Zhiqiang Xiao, Xiao Xiao and Guangmin Zhou

Advanced Materials, 2026, 38
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How research & innovation ramp up Li-ion Battery recycling

Pietro Cattaneo, Lorenzo De Vita, Camilla Zanoni, Davide Ruzza, Mariacristina Colantuono, Diana Di Cintio, Carmen Cavallo, Mark Copley and Eliana Quartarone

Journal of Power Sources Advances, 2026, 37, 100198
DOI: 10.1016/j.powera.2025.100198