Autonomous robotic experimentation system for powder X-ray diffraction

Yuto Yotsumoto, Yusaku Nakajima, Ryusei Takamoto, Yasuo Takeichi and Kanta Ono

Digital Discovery, 2024, 3, 2523
DOI: 10.1039/D4DD00190G

Robotically automated 3D printing and testing of thermoplastic material specimens

Miguel Hernández-del-Valle, Christina Schenk, Lucía Echevarría-Pastrana, Burcu Ozdemir, Enrique Dios-Lázaro, Jorge Ilarraza-Zuazo, De-Yi Wang and Maciej Haranczyk

Digital Discovery, 2023, 2, 1969
DOI: 10.1039/D3DD00141E

ChemGymRL: A customizable interactive framework for reinforcement learning for digital chemistry

Chris Beeler, Sriram Ganapathi Subramanian, Kyle Sprague, Mark Baula, Nouha Chatti, Amanuel Dawit, Xinkai Li, Nicholas Paquin, Mitchell Shahen, Zihan Yang, Colin Bellinger, Mark Crowley and Isaac Tamblyn

Digital Discovery, 2024, 3, 742
DOI: 10.1039/D3DD00183K

Democratizing self-driving labs: advances in low-cost 3D printing for laboratory automation

Sayan Doloi, Maloy Das, Yujia Li, Zen Han Cho, Xingchi Xiao, John V. Hanna, Matthew Osvaldo and Leonard Ng Wei Tat

Digital Discovery, 2025, 4, 1685
DOI: 10.1039/D4DD00411F

Bayesian optimisation for efficient material discovery: a mini review

Yimeng Jin and Priyank V. Kumar

Nanoscale, 2023, 15, 10975
DOI: 10.1039/D2NR07147A

AMPERE-2: an open-hardware, robotic platform for automated electrodeposition and electrochemical validation

Nis Fisker-Bødker, Daniel Persaud, Yang Bai, Mark Kozdras, Tejs Vegge, Jason Hattrick-Simpers and Jin Hyun Chang

Digital Discovery, 2025
DOI: 10.1039/D5DD00180C

Driving school for self-driving labs

Kelsey L. Snapp and Keith A. Brown

Digital Discovery, 2023, 2, 1620
DOI: 10.1039/D3DD00150D

The decade of artificial intelligence in chemistry and materials

Alán Aspuru-Guzik

Digital Discovery, 2023, 2, 10
DOI: 10.1039/D3DD90001K

A revolutionary paradigm in chemistry and materials science research: self-driving laboratories

Jiaxuan Qiu, Liwen Zhu, Zhe Feng, Zhongzhong Luo and Longlu Wang

Chem. Commun., 2025, 61, 10026
DOI: 10.1039/D5CC01959A

Active learning high coverage sets of complementary reaction conditions

Sofia L. Sivilotti, David M. Friday and Nicholas E. Jackson

Digital Discovery, 2025, 4, 846
DOI: 10.1039/D4DD00365A

Integrating autonomy into automated research platforms

Richard B. Canty, Brent A. Koscher, Matthew A. McDonald and Klavs F. Jensen

Digital Discovery, 2023, 2, 1259
DOI: 10.1039/D3DD00135K

Review of low-cost self-driving laboratories in chemistry and materials science: the “frugal twin” concept

Stanley Lo, Sterling G. Baird, Joshua Schrier, Ben Blaiszik, Nessa Carson, Ian Foster, Andrés Aguilar-Granda, Sergei V. Kalinin, Benji Maruyama, Maria Politi, Helen Tran, Taylor D. Sparks and Alán Aspuru-Guzik

Digital Discovery, 2024, 3, 842
DOI: 10.1039/D3DD00223C

Leveraging large language model and social network service for automation in scanning probe microscopy

Zhuo Diao, Hayato Yamashita and Masayuki Abe

Meas. Sci. Technol., 2025, 36, 047001
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6501/adbf3a

Beyond Combinatorial Materials Science: The 100 Prisoners Problem

J. Elliott Fowler, Matthew A. Kottwitz, Nat Trask and Rémi Dingreville

Integr Mater Manuf Innov, 2024, 13, 83
DOI: 10.1007/s40192-023-00330-6

Self-driving laboratories to autonomously navigate the protein fitness landscape

Jacob T. Rapp, Bennett J. Bremer and Philip A. Romero

Nat Chem Eng, 2024, 1, 97
DOI: 10.1038/s44286-023-00002-4

Role of AI in experimental materials science

Milad Abolhasani and Keith A. Brown

MRS Bulletin, 2023, 48, 134
DOI: 10.1557/s43577-023-00482-y

Real-time experiment-theory closed-loop interaction for autonomous materials science

Haotong Liang, Chuangye Wang, Heshan Yu, Dylan Kirsch, Rohit Pant, Austin McDannald, A. Gilad Kusne, Ji-Cheng Zhao and Ichiro Takeuchi

Sci. Adv., 2025, 11
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adu7426

Virtual laboratories: transforming research with AI

Arto Klami, Theo Damoulas, Ola Engkvist, Patrick Rinke and Samuel Kaski

DCE, 2024, 5
DOI: 10.1017/dce.2024.15

Design of Tough 3D Printable Elastomers with Human‐in‐the‐Loop Reinforcement Learning

Johann L. Rapp, Dylan M. Anstine, Filipp Gusev, Filipp Nikitin, Kelly H. Yun, Meredith A. Borden, Vittal Bhat, Olexandr Isayev and Frank A. Leibfarth

Angewandte Chemie, 2025
DOI: 10.1002/ange.202513147

Using 3D printing as a research tool for materials discovery

Ronald A. Smaldone, Keith A. Brown, Grace X. Gu and Chenfeng Ke

Device, 2023, 1, 100014
DOI: 10.1016/j.device.2023.100014

Self-Driving Laboratories for Chemistry and Materials Science

Gary Tom, Stefan P. Schmid, Sterling G. Baird, Yang Cao, Kourosh Darvish, Han Hao, Stanley Lo, Sergio Pablo-García, Ella M. Rajaonson, Marta Skreta, Naruki Yoshikawa, Samantha Corapi, Gun Deniz Akkoc, Felix Strieth-Kalthoff, Martin Seifrid and Alán Aspuru-Guzik

Chem. Rev., 2024, 124, 9633
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00055

Bioinspired materials for underwater adhesion with pathways to switchability

Chanhong Lee, Huiqi Shi, Jiyoung Jung, Bowen Zheng, Kan Wang, Ravi Tutika, Rong Long, Bruce P. Lee, Grace X. Gu and Michael D. Bartlett

Cell Reports Physical Science, 2023, 4, 101597
DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101597

Design of Tough 3D Printable Elastomers with Human‐in‐the‐Loop Reinforcement Learning

Johann L. Rapp, Dylan M. Anstine, Filipp Gusev, Filipp Nikitin, Kelly H. Yun, Meredith A. Borden, Vittal Bhat, Olexandr Isayev and Frank A. Leibfarth

Angew Chem Int Ed, 2025
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202513147

Autonomous Chemical Experiments: Challenges and Perspectives on Establishing a Self-Driving Lab

Martin Seifrid, Robert Pollice, Andrés Aguilar-Granda, Zamyla Morgan Chan, Kazuhiro Hotta, Cher Tian Ser, Jenya Vestfrid, Tony C. Wu and Alán Aspuru-Guzik

Acc. Chem. Res., 2022, 55, 2454
DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00220

Self‐Driving Lab for Solid‐Phase Extraction Process Optimization and Application to Nucleic Acid Purification

Sebastian Putz, Jonathan Döttling, Tim Ballweg, Andre Tschöpe, Vitaly Biniyaminov and Matthias Franzreb

Advanced Intelligent Systems, 2025, 7
DOI: 10.1002/aisy.202400564

Automated membrane characterization: In-situ monitoring of the permeate and retentate solutions using a 3D printed permeate probe device

Jonathan Aubuchon Ouimet, Faraj Al-Badani, Xinhong Liu, Laurianne Lair, Zachary W. Muetzel, Alexander W. Dowling and William A. Phillip

Journal of Membrane Science Letters, 2024, 4, 100087
DOI: 10.1016/j.memlet.2024.100087

Autonomous ‘self-driving’ laboratories: a review of technology and policy implications

Alexander V. Tobias and Adam Wahab

R. Soc. Open Sci., 2025, 12
DOI: 10.1098/rsos.250646

Perspectives for self-driving labs in synthetic biology

Hector G Martin, Tijana Radivojevic, Jeremy Zucker, Kristofer Bouchard, Jess Sustarich, Sean Peisert, Dan Arnold, Nathan Hillson, Gyorgy Babnigg, Jose M Marti, Christopher J Mungall, Gregg T Beckham, Lucas Waldburger, James Carothers, ShivShankar Sundaram, Deb Agarwal, Blake A Simmons, Tyler Backman, Deepanwita Banerjee, Deepti Tanjore, Lavanya Ramakrishnan and Anup Singh

Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2023, 79, 102881
DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102881

Introducing a four-fold way to conceptualize artificial agency

Maud van Lier

Synthese, 2023, 201
DOI: 10.1007/s11229-023-04083-9

Optimized Machine Learning for Autonomous Enzymatic Reaction Intensification in a Self‐Driving Lab

Sebastian Putz, Niklas Teetz, Michael Abt, Pascal Jerono, Thomas Meurer and Matthias Franzreb

Biotech & Bioengineering, 2025
DOI: 10.1002/bit.70038