4D hydrogels: fabrication strategies, stimulation mechanisms, and biomedical applications

Amit Nain, Srishti Chakraborty, Nipun Jain, Saswat Choudhury, Suravi Chattopadhyay, Kaushik Chatterjee and Souvik Debnath

Biomater. Sci., 2024, 12, 3249
DOI: 10.1039/D3BM02044D

Humidity sensors based on molecular rectifiers

Ryan P. Sullivan, Eduardo Castellanos-Trejo, Renate Ma, Mark E. Welker and Oana D. Jurchescu

Nanoscale, 2023, 15, 171
DOI: 10.1039/D2NR04498F

Tuning water-responsiveness with Bombyx mori silk–silica nanoparticle composites

Yeojin Jung, Samaneh Sharifi Golru, Tai-De Li, Elizabeth J. Biddinger, Raymond S. Tu and Xi Chen

Soft Matter, 2021, 17, 7817
DOI: 10.1039/D1SM00794G

Oxidation-degree-dependent moisture-induced actuation of a graphene oxide film

Waka Nakanishi, Yoshihiro Yamauchi, Yuta Nishina, Masafumi Yoshio and Masayuki Takeuchi

RSC Adv., 2022, 12, 3372
DOI: 10.1039/D1RA07773B

Enhanced water-responsive actuation of porous Bombyx mori silk

Yeojin Jung, Maheen K. Khan, Darjan Podbevšek, Tejaswini Sudhakar, Raymond S. Tu and Xi Chen

Soft Matter, 2023, 19, 2047
DOI: 10.1039/D2SM01601J

Modulating water-responsive actuation energy of regenerated silk fibroin via tyrosine modification

Maheen K. Khan, Vignesh Athiyarath, Darjan Podbevšek, Yeojin Jung, Seungri Kim, Yuchen Zhang, Gonca Kilavuz-Ecker, Raymond S. Tu and Xi Chen

Soft Matter, 2025, 21, 4150
DOI: 10.1039/D5SM00040H

Bioinspired humidity-responsive liquid crystalline materials: from adaptive soft actuators to visualized sensors and detectors

Ruochen Lan, Wenbo Shen, Wenhuan Yao, Jingyu Chen, Xinyu Chen and Huai Yang

Mater. Horiz., 2023, 10, 2824
DOI: 10.1039/D3MH00392B

Energy harvesting technology based on moisture-responsive actuators

Luyu Yang, Lei Zhang and Dongping Sun

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2023, 11, 18530
DOI: 10.1039/D3TA02644B

A programmable powerful and ultra-fast water-driven soft actuator inspired by the mutable collagenous tissue of the sea cucumber

Andrew Choi, Hyeonseok Han and Dong Sung Kim

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2021, 9, 15937
DOI: 10.1039/D1TA02566J

Advances in harvesting water and energy from ubiquitous atmospheric moisture

Wanheng Lu, Wei Li Ong and Ghim Wei Ho

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2023, 11, 12456
DOI: 10.1039/D2TA09552A

Development and challenges of smart actuators based on water-responsive materials

Yiwei Zhang, Chuang Zhang, Ruiqian Wang, Wenjun Tan, Yanyu Gu, Xiaobin Yu, Lizhong Zhu and Lianqing Liu

Soft Matter, 2022, 18, 5725
DOI: 10.1039/D2SM00519K

Deep Insights into the Design of Next-Generation Water-Based Stimuli-Responsive Shape Memory Polymers: From Fundamentals to Nature-Inspired Innovations

Peerawat Prathumrat, Chutiwat Likitaporn, Sarawut Rimdusit, Mostafa Nikzad, Tawan Wongsalam, Nattapon Tanalue and Manunya Okhawilai

Applied Materials Today, 2025, 44, 102754
DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2025.102754

What is an artificial muscle? A comparison of soft actuators to biological muscles

Diego R Higueras-Ruiz, Kiisa Nishikawa, Heidi Feigenbaum and Michael Shafer

Bioinspir. Biomim., 2022, 17, 011001
DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac3adf

Towards Refining Bio-Inspired Hydro-Actuated Building Facades by Emphasising the Importance of Hybrid Adaptability

Raheleh Khosromanesh

Sustainability, 2024, 16, 959
DOI: 10.3390/su16030959

High-Performance Humidity Sensing in π-Conjugated Molecular Assemblies through the Engineering of Electron/Proton Transport and Device Interfaces

Nicholas Turetta, Marc-Antoine Stoeckel, Rafael Furlan de Oliveira, Félix Devaux, Alessandro Greco, Camila Cendra, Sara Gullace, Mindaugas Gicevičius, Basab Chattopadhyay, Jie Liu, Guillaume Schweicher, Henning Sirringhaus, Alberto Salleo, Mischa Bonn, Ellen H. G. Backus, Yves H. Geerts and Paolo Samorì

J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2022, 144, 2546
DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10119

Design of MXene Composites with Biomimetic Rapid and Self-Oscillating Actuation under Ambient Circumstances

Tongfei Xu, Danfeng Pei, Shanyu Yu, Xiaofang Zhang, Meigui Yi and Chaoxu Li

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2021, 13, 31978
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06343

Solvent-Responsive Functionally Graded Hydrogel Thin Films for Programmed Actuation

Sanghamitra Debta, Pramod Yallappa Kumbhar, Pijush Ghosh and Ratna Kumar Annabattula

ACS Appl. Eng. Mater., 2024, 2, 1336
DOI: 10.1021/acsaenm.4c00125

A review of humidity-driven actuator: toward high response speed and practical applications

Wei Pu, Fanan Wei, Ligang Yao and Shuangxi Xie

J Mater Sci, 2022, 57, 12202
DOI: 10.1007/s10853-022-07344-z

Bidirectional Actuation of Silk Fibroin Films: Role of Water and Alcohol Vapors

Manikandan Ganesan, Ravi Kumar and Dillip K. Satapathy

Langmuir, 2022, 38, 6066
DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00315

Review: interaction of water vapour with wood and other hygro-responsive materials

Callum Hill, Michael Altgen, Paavo Penttilӓ and Lauri Rautkari

J Mater Sci, 2024, 59, 7595
DOI: 10.1007/s10853-024-09636-y

Bioinspired Moisture-Responsive Smart Knitted Fabric with Artificial Leaf Stomata Based on Polyacrylamide Hydrogel

Yueyun Yu, Qing Chen, Bomou Ma, Rong Zheng, Dahua Shou and Jintu Fan

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2025, 17, 38398
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c03087

A review on four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting in pursuit of advanced tissue engineering applications

Zia Ullah Arif, Muhammad Yasir Khalid, Waqas Ahmed and Hassan Arshad

Bioprinting, 2022, 27, e00203
DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2022.e00203

Bioinspired strategies for biomimetic actuators from ultrafast to ultraslow

Man Yang, Feilong Zhang and Shutao Wang

Nano Res., 2024, 17, 570
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-023-6092-1

The role of water mobility on water-responsive actuation of silk

Darjan Podbevšek, Yeojin Jung, Maheen K. Khan, Honghui Yu, Raymond S. Tu and Xi Chen

Nat Commun, 2024, 15
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52715-6

Water droplet energy harvesting

Zhiming Lin and Zhengbao Yang

Droplet, 2024, 3
DOI: 10.1002/dro2.97

Solvent responsive functionally graded hydrogel thin films for programmed actuation

Sanghamitra Debta

SSRN Journal, 2024
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4786112

Mechanistic insights of evaporation-induced actuation in supramolecular crystals

Roxana Piotrowska, Travis Hesketh, Haozhen Wang, Alan R. G. Martin, Deborah Bowering, Chunqiu Zhang, Chunhua T. Hu, Scott A. McPhee, Tong Wang, Yaewon Park, Pulkit Singla, Thomas McGlone, Alastair Florence, Tell Tuttle, Rein V. Ulijn and Xi Chen

Nat. Mater., 2021, 20, 403
DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0799-0

Humidity-Responsive Actuators Based on Firm Heterojunction of Glycerol-Cross-linked Polyvinyl Alcohol and Porous Polyvinylidene Fluoride as Smart Gates for Anti-condensation

Xin-Yu Tang, Zhuang Liu, Rui Xie, Xiao-Jie Ju, Wei Wang and Liang-Yin Chu

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2022, 61, 8101
DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01289

Structure-Dependent Water Responsiveness of Protein Block Copolymers

Jacob Kronenberg, Yeojin Jung, Jason Chen, Maria Jinu Kulapurathazhe, Dustin Britton, Seungri Kim, Xi Chen, Raymond S. Tu and Jin Kim Montclare

ACS Appl. Bio Mater., 2024, 7, 3714
DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00045

Autonomous and directional flow of water and transport of particles across a subliming dynamic crystal surface

Patrick Commins, Marieh B. Al-Handawi, Rachid Rezgui, Liang Li, Mark McNamara and Panče Naumov

Nat. Chem., 2023, 15, 677
DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01158-5

Structural Interconversion Based on Intramolecular Boroxine Formation

Kosuke Ono, Keisuke Sawanaga, Satoru Onodera, Hidetoshi Kawai and Kei Goto

Chemistry A European J, 2023, 29
DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300995

Integrating Computation, Experiment, and Machine Learning in the Design of Peptide‐Based Supramolecular Materials and Systems

Maithreyi Ramakrishnan, Alexander van Teijlingen, Tell Tuttle and R. V. Ulijn

Angew Chem Int Ed, 2023, 62
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218067

Water-Intercalated and Humidity-Responsive Lamellar Materials by Self-Assembly of Sodium Acrylate Random Copolymers

Yuki Horiike, Hiroyuki Aoki, Makoto Ouchi and Takaya Terashima

J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2025, 147, 6727
DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c16219

Dual bio-inspired strong and humidity-responsive composite cellulose nanofibril papers

Fuyi Han, Hong Huang and Lifang Liu

J Mater Sci, 2022, 57, 8727
DOI: 10.1007/s10853-022-07219-3

Systematic Investigation on the Mechanisms for Water Responsive Actuation Using Commercial Sewing Threads

Junghwan Lee and Yaewon Park

Journal of Natural Fibers, 2023, 20
DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2023.2178584

Lewis Adduct-Dissociating Hydrolysis of Boratrane for Water-Triggered Dehydration of Copolymers with a Hydrophobic Moiety

Akira Takahashi, Masahiro Yamanishi and Atsushi Kameyama

ACS Macro Lett., 2022, 11, 766
DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00161

Super Stable Moisture‐Responsive Actuator via Covalent Crosslinking for Efficient Personal Thermal Management

Xiaofeng Jiang, Zhenxian Wang, Siyuan Jia, Guozheng Li, Ying Xu, Wanlin Guo, Zhuhua Zhang and Xiuqiang Li

Advanced Materials, 2025
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202507267

Fabrication of Moisture-Responsive Crystalline Smart Materials for Water Harvesting and Electricity Transduction

Mingfang Yang, Shi-Qiang Wang, Zhaoyi Liu, Yao Chen, Michael J. Zaworotko, Peng Cheng, Jian-Gong Ma and Zhenjie Zhang

J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2021, 143, 7732
DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01831

Flexible, biocompatible and highly conductive MXene-graphene oxide film for smart actuator and humidity sensor

Guangwen Jia, Ao Zheng, Xiao Wang, Lu Zhang, Ling Li, Chenxing Li, Yan Zhang and Lingyan Cao

Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2021, 346, 130507
DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.130507

Stiff, Strong, Tough, and Highly Stretchable Hydrogels Based on Dual Stimuli-Responsive Semicrystalline Poly(urethane–urea) Copolymers

Nicolas Candau, Gregory Stoclet, Jean-François Tahon, Adrien Demongeot, Pascal Schouwink, Emel Yilgor, Iskender Yilgor, Yusuf Z. Menceloglu and Oguzhan Oguz

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater., 2021, 3, 5683
DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c00969

Ultrafast, Light, Soft Martensitic Materials

Ejaz Ahmed, Durga Prasad Karothu, Ahmed Slimani, Jad Mahmoud Halabi, Ibrahim Tahir, Kevin Quirós Canales and Panče Naumov

Adv Funct Materials, 2022, 32
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202112117

4D printing in dynamic and adaptive bone implants: Progress in bone tissue engineering

Aayush Prakash, Rishabha Malviya, Sathvik Belagodu Sridhar and Javedh Shareef

Bioprinting, 2024, 44, e00373
DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2024.e00373

New stand-alone hygrometers based on the moisture-driven bending of a nanoclay and polyimide bilayer

Duc Cuong Nguyen, Trung Tuyen Bui, Si Hiep Hua, Hyungphil Chun and Yong Shin Kim

Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2022, 359, 131559
DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2022.131559

Soft actuators built from cellulose paper: A review on actuation, material, fabrication, and applications

Yan Liu, Siyao Shang, Shuting Mo, Peng Wang, Bin Yin and Jiaming Wei

Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices, 2021, 6, 321
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsamd.2021.06.004

Modularized Paper Actuator Based on Shape Memory Alloy, Printed Heater, and Origami

Ke Zheng, Enlai Gao, Bin Tian, Jing Liang, Qun Liu, Enbo Xue, Qian Shao and Wei Wu

Advanced Intelligent Systems, 2022, 4
DOI: 10.1002/aisy.202200194

Porous Organic Cage with Water Vapor-Triggered Structural Transition for Actuation Applications

Zhaoyi Liu, Zhifang Wang, Shi-Qiang Wang, Jiamin Li, Yao Chen, Peng Cheng, Michael J. Zaworotko and Zhenjie Zhang

ACS Materials Lett., 2023, 5, 2139
DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.3c00440

Humidity‐Responsive Actuator with Viewable and Programmable Deformation Enabled by Tannic Acid as Physical Cross‐linker

Junbo Guo, Hao Zhang, Tiantian Cui, Jiawei Li, Min‐Hui Li and Jun Hu

Adv Materials Technologies, 2023, 8
DOI: 10.1002/admt.202300603

A Comprehensive Review of Stimuli-Responsive Smart Polymer Materials—Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

Alicja Balcerak-Woźniak, Monika Dzwonkowska-Zarzycka and Janina Kabatc-Borcz

Materials, 2024, 17, 4255
DOI: 10.3390/ma17174255

4D bioprinting of tissues and organs

Shukufe Amukarimi and Masoud Mozafari

Bioprinting, 2021, 23, e00161
DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2021.e00161

Protein based biomaterials for therapeutic and diagnostic applications

Stanley Chu, Andrew L Wang, Aparajita Bhattacharya and Jin Kim Montclare

Prog. Biomed. Eng., 2022, 4, 012003
DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/ac2841

Engineering Covalent Organic Frameworks with Polyethylene Glycol as Self‐Sustained Humidity‐Responsive Actuators

Tianhui Mao, Zhaoyi Liu, Xiuxiu Guo, Zhifang Wang, Jinjin Liu, Ting Wang, Shubo Geng, Yao Chen, Peng Cheng and Zhenjie Zhang

Angew Chem Int Ed, 2023, 62
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216318

Shape Memory Graphene Nanocomposites—Fundamentals, Properties, and Significance

Ayesha Kausar, Ishaq Ahmad, O. Aldaghri, Khalid H. Ibnaouf and M. H. Eisa

Processes, 2023, 11, 1171
DOI: 10.3390/pr11041171

Autonomous self-burying seed carriers for aerial seeding

Danli Luo, Aditi Maheshwari, Andreea Danielescu, Jiaji Li, Yue Yang, Ye Tao, Lingyun Sun, Dinesh K. Patel, Guanyun Wang, Shu Yang, Teng Zhang and Lining Yao

Nature, 2023, 614, 463
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05656-3

Photolithographic Fabrication of Mechanically Adaptive Devices

Baptiste Monney, Cédric Kilchoer and Christoph Weder

ACS Polym. Au, 2022, 2, 50
DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00037

Rapid Moisture-Responsive Silk Fibroin Actuators

Ganesan Manikandan, Aathira Murali, Ravi Kumar and Dillip K. Satapathy

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2021, 13, 8880
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17525

Multistimuli-Responsive Soft Actuators with Controllable Bionic Motions

Xueting Wang, Wei Zhao, Xinlin Li, Liwu Liu, Jinsong Leng and Yanju Liu

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2024, 16, 63894
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c12834

Stimuli-responsive organic-inorganic mesoporous silica hybrids: A comprehensive review on synthesis and recent advances

Jerome Peter, Riyasudheen Nechikkattu, Anandhu Mohan, Anju Maria Thomas and Chang-Sik Ha

Materials Science and Engineering: B, 2021, 270, 115232
DOI: 10.1016/j.mseb.2021.115232

Aromatic Zipper Topology Dictates Water‐Responsive Actuation in Phenylalanine‐Based Crystals

Fahmeed K. Sheehan, Haozhen Wang, Darjan Podbevšek, Elma Naranjo, Janel Rivera‐Cancel, Cooper Moran, Rein V. Ulijn and Xi Chen

Small, 2023, 19
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207773

Thermo-Responsive Cellulose Hydrogels: A Flourishing Frontier in Material Design

Kai He, Jiaying Qu and Yu Cao

Polymer Reviews, 2025, 65, 944
DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2025.2458305

New Stand-Alone Hygrometers Based on the Moisture-Driven Bending of a Nanoclay and Polyimide Bilayer

Duc Cuong Nguyen, Trung Tuyen Bui, Si Hiep Hua, Hyungphil Chun and Yong Shin Kim

SSRN Journal, 2021
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3992171

Harvesting Energy from Changes in Relative Humidity Using Nanoscale Water Capillary Bridges

Binze Tang, Sergey V. Buldyrev, Limei Xu and Nicolas Giovambattista

Langmuir, 2023, 39, 13449
DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01051

Flexible Humidity Sensitive Fiber with Swellable Metal–Organic Frameworks

Sijia Lv, Luyizheng Shuai, Wenfeng Ding, Weiquan Ke, Bing Wang and Junmin Wan

Adv. Fiber Mater., 2021, 3, 107
DOI: 10.1007/s42765-021-00064-0

Moisture-Responsive Actuators Based on Hyaluronic Acid with Biocompatibility and Fast Response as Smart Breather Valves

Xin-Yu Tang, Zhuang Liu, Wen-Ying Liu, Xing-Qun Pu, Lu-Yue Liu, Si-Ke Chen, Rui Xie, Xiao-Jie Ju, Wei Wang and Liang-Yin Chu

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater., 2023, 5, 815
DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01772

Humidity-responsive hydrogel actuator and soft robot with dual-mode control

Peng Zhang, Qianxi Zhang, Zehui Han, Qixiang Gu, Di Wang, Tong Zhang and Chengpeng Li

Progress in Engineering Science, 2025, 2, 100073
DOI: 10.1016/j.pes.2025.100073

Intrinsically Self-Driven Humidity Actuators Based on Silk Nanofibers Exfoliated Using a Deep Eutectic Solvent

Haixun Sun, Mengyi Zhang, Bing Wang, Miao Su, Xiangdong Liu and Feiya Fu

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2024, 12, 6870
DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c07156

Biological, physical and morphological factors for the programming of a novel microbial hygromorphic material

Emily Birch, Ben Bridgens, Meng Zhang and Martyn Dade-Robertson

Bioinspir. Biomim., 2024, 19, 036018
DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad3a4d

Tubular Hygromechanical Polymeric Brake for Soft and Compact Wearable Robots

Kyoung-Soub Lee, Jae-Bum Pyo, Taek-Soo Kim and Hyung-Soon Park

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater., 2021, 3, 3206
DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c00413

Engineering Covalent Organic Frameworks with Polyethylene Glycol as Self‐Sustained Humidity‐Responsive Actuators

Tianhui Mao, Zhaoyi Liu, Xiuxiu Guo, Zhifang Wang, Jinjin Liu, Ting Wang, Shubo Geng, Yao Chen, Peng Cheng and Zhenjie Zhang

Angewandte Chemie, 2023, 135
DOI: 10.1002/ange.202216318

Smart advanced responsive materials, synthesis methods and classifications: from Lab to applications

Tawfik A. Saleh, Ganjar Fadillah and Endang Ciptawati

J Polym Res, 2021, 28
DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02541-x

Integrating Computation, Experiment, and Machine Learning in the Design of Peptide‐Based Supramolecular Materials and Systems

Maithreyi Ramakrishnan, Alexander van Teijlingen, Tell Tuttle and R. V. Ulijn

Angewandte Chemie, 2023, 135
DOI: 10.1002/ange.202218067

A Review of Recent Manufacturing Technologies for Sustainable Soft Actuators

Mohammadreza Lalegani Dezaki and Mahdi Bodaghi

Int. J. of Precis. Eng. and Manuf.-Green Tech., 2023, 10, 1661
DOI: 10.1007/s40684-023-00533-4

Self-flickering bioinspired actuator with autonomous motion and structural color switching

Lei Ding, Haoyuan Xiao, Yuqi Wang, Yuanfang Zhao, Jingshuai Zhu, Bing Du, Shiguo Chen and Yuanfeng Wang

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2025, 678, 684
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.09.031

Cellulose‐Reinforced Programmable and Stretch‐Healable Actuators for Smart Packaging

Qing Chen, Benedikt Sochor, Andrei Chumakov, Marie Betker, Nils M. Ulrich, Maria E. Toimil‐Molares, Korneliya Gordeyeva, L. Daniel Söderberg and Stephan V. Roth

Adv Funct Materials, 2022, 32
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202208074

Dynamics of hydrogen-bonded polymer complexes of poly(ether oxide) and poly(acrylic acid): time-humidity-temperature equivalence

Zexin Liu, Hao Huang, Peiyang Yin, Caihong Zhang and Shuguang Yang

Polymer, 2025, 320, 128080
DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128080

Recent progress in PNIPAM-based multi-responsive actuators: A mini-review

Jia Liu, Lei Jiang, Sirui He, Jie Zhang and Wei Shao

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 433, 133496
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.133496

Environmental-friendly, flexible silk fibroin-based film as dual-responsive shape memory material

Jingzhi Tang, Zhongyuan Wen, Maomao Zhai, Jinming Zhang, Shouwei Zhang, Yongming Cui, Qingfeng Guo, Kunkun Zhu, Jinfeng Wang and Qingtao Liu

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 269, 131748
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131748

Controllable Transition Metal-Directed Assembly of [Mo2O2S2]2+ Building Blocks into Smart Molecular Humidity-Responsive Actuators

Bo Li, Xiaozheng Duan, Dongming Cheng, Xinyu Chen, Zhixin Gao, Weibo Ren, Kui-Zhan Shao and Hong-Ying Zang

J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2023, 145, 2243
DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10225