Multicolored inorganic electrochromic materials: status, challenge, and prospects

Chengyu Jiang, Rui Ge, Chenchen Bian, Lirong Chen, Xingru Wang, Yang Zheng, Gang Xu, Guofa Cai and Xiudi Xiao

Nanoscale, 2023, 15, 15450
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Dipyridinoarsole: a new class of stable and modifiable heteroatom-bridged bipyridines

Toshiki Fujii, Susumu Tanaka, Shotaro Hayashi, Hiroaki Imoto and Kensuke Naka

Chem. Commun., 2020, 56, 6035
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Advanced developments in nonstoichiometric tungsten oxides for electrochromic applications

Shah Zeb, Guoxin Sun, Yong Nie, Huiyan Xu, Yu Cui and Xuchuan Jiang

Mater. Adv., 2021, 2, 6839
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A semi-solid hydrogel state electrochromic device based on an asymmetric disubstituted viologen containing a quaternary ammonium group with enhanced electrochromic stability

Lin Yin, Chen-xin Yang, Yu-xuan Han, Hao Zhang, Feng-lu Jiang, Wen-tao Zhong, Cheng-bin Gong and Qian Tang

New J. Chem., 2025, 49, 15895
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A uniformly coloring electrochromic device based on a cardo fluorene-grafted viologen derivative with high dissolution stability

Wenjuan Fang, Chang Gu, Guojian Yang, Aiyan Shi, Tianzhi Wei, Ting Zhang and Chaoyu Xiang

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2024, 12, 17263
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Dual-use synthesis of an asymmetric anthraquinone heptyl viologen (AQHV) for solution and gel-polymer electrolyte-based electrochromic devices

Rambabu Sydam, Gaurav Kumar Silori, Hui-Chieh Hsu and Kuo-Chuan Ho

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2025, 13, 11342
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A transparent-to-gray electrochromic device based on an asymmetric viologen

Huan Ling, Hongbo Dai, Fengyu Su, Yanqing Tian and Yan Jun Liu

New J. Chem., 2020, 44, 19902
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The effect of electrolytes on the electrochromic performance of nickel-substituted tungstophosphate and TiO2 nanowire composite films

Shuping Liu, Xiaowen Su, Dongxue Chu, Chao Ma, Yu Fu, Xiaoshu Qu, Jiahui Lu and Huanan Guan

New J. Chem., 2021, 45, 9375
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Thermoelectric Performances of n-Doped Ladder-Type Conjugated Polymers Using Various Viologen Radical Cations

Teck Lip Dexter Tam, Ming Lin, Albertus Denny Handoko and Jianwei Xu

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater., 2021, 3, 5596
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Preparation and Adsorption Properties of a Three-Dimensional Superhydrophilic Mercury-Ion-Imprinted Polymer with Dual Recognition Site Based on MoS2/SBA-15

Zhanchao Liu, Rongpeng Yu, Shakeel Zeb, Qiantu Tao, Hongping Li, Jiheng Wang, Liangyin Xiang, Su Ya, Jingyong Li and Yan Liu

Inorg. Chem., 2024, 63, 23705
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Functional Ion Gels: Versatile Electrolyte Platforms for Electrochemical Applications

Yong Min Kim, Won Young Choi, Jin Han Kwon, Jae Kyeong Lee and Hong Chul Moon

Chem. Mater., 2021, 33, 2683
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Advancements in Electrochromic Technology for Multifunctional Flexible Devices

Alice Marciel, Joel Borges, Luiz Pereira, Rui F. Silva and Manuel Graça

Materials, 2025, 18, 2964
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Thermo- and electrochromic smart window derived from a viologen-tethered triazolum based poly(NIPAmn-TEG-BPV) electrolyte to enhance building energy efficiency and visual comfort

Pramod V. Rathod, John Marc C. Puguan and Hern Kim

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 455, 140874
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Effect of carboxyl moiety on the electrochromic properties of 1,1′-dibenzyl-4,4′-bipyridinium salt

Meng Wang, Zhuangzhuang Yang, Lu Lu and Debao Xiao

Materials Letters, 2025, 398, 138963
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Molecular engineering of π-extended viologens with four arms for efficient and tunable electrochromic devices

Yiying Han, Zhuo Gu, Yufei Pei, Peng Gao, Yu Pan, Jiayu Tao, Xiao-Peng Zhang and Jian Liu

Dyes and Pigments, 2023, 219, 111556
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Photochromic and electrochromic dual-responsive devices: Integration of TiO2-Prussian blue composites and novel extended viologen

Fangyuan Sun, Haibo Wu, Chengwei Jiang, Yonghao Chen, Yanan He, Shiqi Zu, Fengyu Su, Yanqing Tian and Yan Jun Liu

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 501, 157818
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High optical contrast and stable black electrochromic devices enabled by viologen and fluoran materials

Qilin Zhang, Xiong Liu, Yaowu He, Minming Yan, Imran Murtaza, Dongwen Zou, Tianhe Xu, Ying Cui, Lintao Zeng and Hong Meng

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 516, 164117
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Pyrrole-based viologen derivatives with high contrast and magenta color for electrochromic-fluorescent devices

Bin Deng, Yanan Zhu, Muhammad Umair Ali, Kun Li, Xingchen Liu, Xinkang Zhang, Jiaoyi Ning, Zhao Hu, Haoliang Chen, Junpeng He, Yaowu He and Hong Meng

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2023, 251, 112149
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Guiding synthetic targets of anodically coloring electrochromes through density functional theory

Linda Nhon, Riley Wilkins, John R. Reynolds and Aimée Tomlinson

The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2021, 154
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Fluorinated benzyl viologens for enhanced electrochromism and remarkable stability in electrochromic devices: An in-situ mass exchange probing through EQCM

Gaurav Kumar Silori, Hsin-Fu Yu, Yu-Jia Huang and Kuo-Chuan Ho

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2023, 260, 112460
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Flexible electrochromic devices for wearable electronics

Qingchao Fan, Zhiyuan Bai, Bingwei Bao, Chengyi Hou, Yaogang Li, Qinghong Zhang, Kerui Li and Hongzhi Wang

Wearable Electronics, 2025, 2, 171
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Electrochromic behaviors and applications of tetrasubstituted thienoviologen derivatives

Lin Yin, Xiao-long Yan, Chen-xin Yang, Cheng-bin Gong and Qian Tang

Dyes and Pigments, 2024, 231, 112419
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Bendable & twistable oxide-polymer based hybrid electrochromic device: Flexible and multi-wavelength color modulation

Bhumika Sahu, Love Bansal, Deb Kumar Rath, Suchita Kandpal, Tanushree Ghosh, Nikita Ahlawat, Chanchal Rani, Maxim Yu Maximov and Rajesh Kumar

Materials Today Electronics, 2024, 7, 100082
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High-contrast energy-efficient flexible electrochromic devices based on viologen derivatives and their application in smart windows and electrochromic displayers

Chao Qian, Peng Wang, Xu Guo, Chuangyu Jiang and Ping Liu

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2024, 266, 112669
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Controlling Charged State Colors in Triphenylamine‐Based Anodically Coloring Electrochromes

Justine S. Wagner, Maxime A. Siegler, Aimée L. Tomlinson and John R. Reynolds

Advanced Optical Materials, 2024, 12
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Highly stable viologens-based electrochromic devices with low operational voltages utilizing polymeric ionic liquids

Xiuxiu Wang, Lijuan Guo, Shaokui Cao and Weizhen Zhao

Chemical Physics Letters, 2020, 749, 137434
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Novel extended viologen derivatives for photochromic and electrochromic dual-response smart windows

Fangyuan Sun, Jiayi Cai, Haibo Wu, He Zhang, Yonghao Chen, Chengwei Jiang, Fengyu Su, Yanqing Tian and Yan Jun Liu

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2023, 260, 112496
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Silver Nanowire-Based Printable Electrothermochromic Ink for Flexible Touch-Display Applications

Nitheesh M. Nair, Ishani Khanra, Debdutta Ray and Parasuraman Swaminathan

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2021, 13, 34550
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In Situ Room‐Temperature Spontaneous Gelation Coupled with Asymmetric Viologen for High‐Performance Electrochromic Devices

Jun Zhang, Liang Tang, Long Zhao, Yangchao Zeng, Zujian Lai, Xinwang Li, Jiayin Chen, Xiaoqing Yang, Gai Zhao, Yan Zhang and Shiguo Zhang

Advanced Materials, 2026, 38
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Recent Advances in Molecular Engineering for Viologen‐Based Electrochromic Materials: A Mini‐Review

Bebin Ambrose, Murugan Krishnan, Kalaivanan Ramamurthy and Murugavel Kathiresan

Advanced Photonics Research, 2024, 5
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Ultra-Low Power Electrochromic Heat Shutters Through Tailoring Diffusion-Controlled Behaviors

Ye Ryeong In, Yong Min Kim, Yujeong Lee, Won Young Choi, Se Hyun Kim, Seung Woo Lee and Hong Chul Moon

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020, 12, 30635
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Viologens and extended viologen derivatives with mono- and di-hexyl substituents for highly stable all-in-one ECDs and solar cell powered large-area ECDs

Fangyuan Sun, He Zhang, Cong Wang, Huan Ling, Jiayi Cai, Weilun Peng, Yanhong Tian, Fengyu Su, Yanqing Tian and Yan Jun Liu

Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2023, 301, 127593
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Electrospun ion gel nanofibers for high-performance electrochromic devices with outstanding electrochromic switching and long-term stability

Jin Hui Choi, Gaurav K. Pande, Yu Ri Lee and Jong S. Park

Polymer, 2020, 194, 122402
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Molecular Insights into the Binding Behavior of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids to the Receptor Binding Domain of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

Peng Liu, Yao Li, Yawei Liu, Ju Liu, Kun Dong and Qingzhu Jia

J. Phys. Chem. B, 2023, 127, 4396
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Solar light modulating materials for energy efficient smart window design: Recent trends and future Perspectives

John Marc C. Puguan, Pramod V. Rathod, Pooja V. Chavan, Joohyung Lee and Hern Kim

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2025, 282, 113407
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Electrochromic Devices with High Stability from Colorless to Green Conversion Based on Viologen Derivatives

Yuyi Peng, Chao Qian, Peng Wang, Xu Guo, Chuanyu Jiang and Ping Liu

J. Wuhan Univ. Technol.-Mat. Sci. Edit., 2026, 41, 258
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Employing polyaniline/viologen complementarity to enhance coloration and charge dissipation in multicolor electrochromic display with wide modulation range

Guodong Liu, Zijian Wang, Jianing Wang, Hanbin Liu and Zhijian Li

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2024, 655, 493
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An overview of electrochromic devices with electrolytes containing viologens

Fan Feng, Shuang Guo, Dongyun Ma and Jinmin Wang

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2023, 254, 112270
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Viologen-based electrochromic devices: A review of structural and functional modifications

Yibo Chen, Mingjun Chen, Mingkai Li, Xiang Zhang, Dongqi Liu, Yao Li and Jiupeng Zhao

Dyes and Pigments, 2026, 244, 113063
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Calixarene‐Guest Complexes: The Next Innovation in Delivery of Drugs and Biologics

Sheetal Muley, Hozefa Dhila and Meghana Gote

Advanced Therapeutics, 2024, 7
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A Novel Viologen‐Derived Covalent Organic Framework Based Metal Free Catalyst for Nitrophenol Reduction

Sinem Altınışık and Sermet Koyuncu

ChemCatChem, 2023, 15
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A Multimode Dynamic Color-Changing Device for Smart Windows Based on Integrating Thermochromic and Electrochromic Properties

Chang Xiao, Chengcheng Wang, Liping Zhang and Shaohai Fu

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2024, 16, 60678
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Electrochromic Devices and Smart Window Applications of Near-Infrared Electrochromic Thienoviologens Polymer Properties

Xue Yu, Yue Liu, Wei Luo, Xiaodan Zeng, Leqin Cheng and Yuewei Zhang

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2025, 17, 28472
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Hydrophilic porous organic polymers with fluorene-viologen units for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production

Sinem Altınışık, Gizem Yıldız, Kübra Turgut, Cansu Yayla, İmren Hatay Patır and Sermet Koyuncu

Applied Catalysis A: General, 2025, 704, 120377
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Ferrocene-Functionalized Fulleropyrrolidine Derivative: A Performance Enhancer for Solid-State Electrochromic Devices

Suchita Kandpal, Pankaj Kumar Gupta, Rajesh Kumar and Rajneesh Misra

ACS Appl. Opt. Mater., 2024, 2, 158
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Computational Analysis of Electron-Donating and Withdrawing Effects on Asymmetric Viologens for Enhanced Electrochromic Performance

Gulzat Nuroldayeva and Mannix P. Balanay

IJMS, 2025, 26, 10137
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The electrochromic devices based on viologen derivatives and deep eutectic solvents for excellent light modulation efficiency and thermal insulation

Weibai Bian, Han Chen, Jinhua Liu, Shakeel Zeb, Yiran Li, Chaoyang Li and Yan Liu

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2025, 1032, 181227
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An Ultrafast, Energy‐Efficient Electrochromic and Thermochromic Device for Smart Windows

Bin Deng, Yanan Zhu, Xiaowei Wang, Jinlin Zhu, Manyu Liu, Mingqiang Liu, Yaowu He, Caizhen Zhu, Chaohong Zhang and Hong Meng

Advanced Materials, 2023, 35
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Development of Electrochromic Devices, Based on Polymeric Gel, for Energy Saving Applications

Carmen Rizzuto, Riccardo C. Barberi and Marco Castriota

Polymers, 2023, 15, 3347
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Electrochromism and Bistable Electrochromic Devices of Five-Membered-Heterocycle Bridged Viologen Polymers

Leqin Cheng, Wei Luo, Yue Liu, Xiaodan Zeng, Xue Yu and Yuewei Zhang

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater., 2024, 6, 8191
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Boosting Photocatalytic Metal-Free Hydrogen Production of Viologen-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks

Sinem Altınışık, Gizem Yıldız, İmren Hatay Patır and Sermet Koyuncu

ACS Appl. Eng. Mater., 2024, 2, 1441
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Design strategies for electrochromic displays

Dongbin Shin, Jeongseo Lee, Hoon Pyo, Sihyun Lee, Hyunmook Kang, Hyojung Kim and Cheon Woo Moon

J. Korean Ceram. Soc., 2025, 62, 575
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Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Well-Defined Norbornene-B-ferrocene-dioxaborolane Hybrid Polymeric Material

Jerzy Garbarek, Mariusz Majchrzak, Monika Wałęsa-Chorab and Maciej Kubicki

Inorg. Chem., 2025, 64, 21368
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Well-matched materials: Color palettes-like multicolor electrochromic displays

Yujia Jiang, Qian Ma and Shaojun Dong

Applied Materials Today, 2024, 37, 102119
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Antifreezing and self-healing organohydrogels regulated by ethylene glycol towards customizable electrochromic displays

Qijun Chen, Jinxu Zhao, Jianming Zheng and Chunye Xu

Electrochimica Acta, 2022, 431, 141156
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Glare-Free, Energy-Efficient Smart Windows: A Pedestrian-Friendly System with Dynamically Tunable Light and Heat Regulation

Hoy Jung Jo, Yeon Jae Jang, Hyeon-Don Kim, Kwang-Seop Kim and Hong Chul Moon

ACS Energy Lett., 2025, 10, 2997
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