Issue 37, 2022

Chemical and molecular tools to probe biological sex differences at multiple length scales

Abstract

Biological sex differences are observed at multiple different length scales and across organ systems. Gaps in knowledge remain regarding our understanding of how molecular, cellular, and environmental factors contribute to physiological sex differences. Here, we provide our perspective on how chemical and molecular tools can be leveraged to explore sex differences in biology at the molecular, intracellular, extracellular, tissue, and organ length scales. We provide examples where chemical and molecular tools were used to explore sex differences in the cardiovascular, nervous, immune, and reproductive systems. We also provide a future outlook where chemical and molecular tools can be applied to continue investigating sex differences in biology, with the ultimate goal of addressing inequities in biomedical research and approaches to clinical treatments.

Graphical abstract: Chemical and molecular tools to probe biological sex differences at multiple length scales

Article information

Article type
Perspective
Submitted
22 4 2022
Accepted
24 8 2022
First published
24 8 2022

J. Mater. Chem. B, 2022,10, 7089-7098

Chemical and molecular tools to probe biological sex differences at multiple length scales

N. E. Félix Vélez, R. M. Gorashi and B. A. Aguado, J. Mater. Chem. B, 2022, 10, 7089 DOI: 10.1039/D2TB00871H

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