Issue 40, 2022

A modern look at a medieval bilayer metal leaf: nanotomography of Zwischgold

Abstract

Many European sculptures and altarpieces from the Middle Ages were decorated with Zwischgold, a bilayer metal leaf with an ultra-thin gold face backed by silver. Zwischgold corrodes quickly when exposed to air, causing the surface of the artefact to darken and lose gloss. The conservation of such Zwischgold applied artefacts has been an obstinate problem. We have acquired quantitative, 3D nanoscale images of Zwischgold samples from 15th century artefacts and modern materials using ptychographic X-ray computed tomography (PXCT), a recently developed coherent diffractive imaging technique, to investigate the leaf structure and chemical state of Zwischgold. The measurements clearly demonstrate decreasing density (increasing porosity) of the leaf materials and their corrosion products, as well as delamination of the leaves from their substrate. Each of these effects speak to typically observed issues in the conservation of such Zwischgold applied artefacts. Further, a rare variant of Zwischgold that contains extremely thin multiple gold layers and an overlapping phenomenon of Zwischgold with other metal leaves are observed through PXCT. As supportive data, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) were performed on the medieval samples.

Graphical abstract: A modern look at a medieval bilayer metal leaf: nanotomography of Zwischgold

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
19 6 2022
Accepted
25 8 2022
First published
10 10 2022
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY-NC license

Nanoscale, 2022,14, 15165-15180

A modern look at a medieval bilayer metal leaf: nanotomography of Zwischgold

Q. Wu, K. Soppa, E. Müller, J. Müller, M. Odstrcil, E. H. R. Tsai, A. Späth, M. Holler, M. Guizar-Sicairos, B. Butz, R. H. Fink and B. Watts, Nanoscale, 2022, 14, 15165 DOI: 10.1039/D2NR03367D

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