Issue 37, 2021

Suppressing carboxylate nucleophilicity with inorganic salts enables selective electrocarboxylation without sacrificial anodes

Abstract

Although electrocarboxylation reactions use CO2 as a renewable synthon and can incorporate renewable electricity as a driving force, the overall sustainability and practicality of this process is limited by the use of sacrificial anodes such as magnesium and aluminum. Replacing these anodes for the carboxylation of organic halides is not trivial because the cations produced from their oxidation inhibit a variety of undesired nucleophilic reactions that form esters, carbonates, and alcohols. Herein, a strategy to maintain selectivity without a sacrificial anode is developed by adding a salt with an inorganic cation that blocks nucleophilic reactions. Using anhydrous MgBr2 as a low-cost, soluble source of Mg2+ cations, carboxylation of a variety of aliphatic, benzylic, and aromatic halides was achieved with moderate to good (34–78%) yields without a sacrificial anode. Moreover, the yields from the sacrificial-anode-free process were often comparable or better than those from a traditional sacrificial-anode process. Examining a wide variety of substrates shows a correlation between known nucleophilic susceptibilities of carbon–halide bonds and selectivity loss in the absence of a Mg2+ source. The carboxylate anion product was also discovered to mitigate cathodic passivation by insoluble carbonates produced as byproducts from concomitant CO2 reduction to CO, although this protection can eventually become insufficient when sacrificial anodes are used. These results are a key step toward sustainable and practical carboxylation by providing an electrolyte design guideline to obviate the need for sacrificial anodes.

Graphical abstract: Suppressing carboxylate nucleophilicity with inorganic salts enables selective electrocarboxylation without sacrificial anodes

Associated articles

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Edge Article
Submitted
30 4 2021
Accepted
05 8 2021
First published
16 8 2021
This article is Open Access

All publication charges for this article have been paid for by the Royal Society of Chemistry
Creative Commons BY license

Chem. Sci., 2021,12, 12365-12376

Suppressing carboxylate nucleophilicity with inorganic salts enables selective electrocarboxylation without sacrificial anodes

N. Corbin, D. Yang, N. Lazouski, K. Steinberg and K. Manthiram, Chem. Sci., 2021, 12, 12365 DOI: 10.1039/D1SC02413B

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. You can use material from this article in other publications without requesting further permissions from the RSC, provided that the correct acknowledgement is given.

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