Issue 13, 2021

Cryptophane–xenon complexes for 129Xe MRI applications

Abstract

The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) in the clinical setting enables the acquisition of valuable anatomical information in a rapid, non-invasive fashion. However, MRI applications for identifying disease-related biomarkers are limited due to low sensitivity at clinical magnetic field strengths. The development of hyperpolarized (hp) 129Xe MRI/MRS techniques as complements to traditional 1H-based imaging has been a burgeoning area of research over the past two decades. Pioneering experiments have shown that hp 129Xe can be encapsulated within host molecules to generate ultrasensitive biosensors. In particular, xenon has high affinity for cryptophanes, which are small organic cages that can be functionalized with affinity tags, fluorophores, solubilizing groups, and other moieties to identify biomedically relevant analytes. Cryptophane sensors designed for proteins, metal ions, nucleic acids, pH, and temperature have achieved nanomolar-to-femtomolar limits of detection via a combination of 129Xe hyperpolarization and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) techniques. This review aims to summarize the development of cryptophane biosensors for 129Xe MRI applications, while highlighting innovative biosensor designs and the consequent enhancements in detection sensitivity, which will be invaluable in expanding the scope of 129Xe MRI.

Graphical abstract: Cryptophane–xenon complexes for 129Xe MRI applications

Article information

Article type
Review Article
Submitted
23 12 2020
Accepted
09 2 2021
First published
17 2 2021
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY-NC license

RSC Adv., 2021,11, 7693-7703

Cryptophane–xenon complexes for 129Xe MRI applications

S. D. Zemerov and I. J. Dmochowski, RSC Adv., 2021, 11, 7693 DOI: 10.1039/D0RA10765D

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