Mechanistic understanding of the thermal-assisted photocatalytic oxidation of methanol-to-formaldehyde with water vapor over Pt/SrTiO3

Abstract

Anaerobic thermal-assisted photocatalytic methanol conversion in the gas phase in the presence of water vapor has been suggested as an interesting way to generate formaldehyde as a valuable coupled product in addition to H₂ production. Here, the reaction mechanism and photocatalyst deactivation are investigated in detail using in situ diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform (DRIFTS) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. EPR shows that paramagnetic oxygen vacancies are not involved in the reaction mechanism over undoped SrTiO₃. Instead, on an optimized 0.1 wt% Pt/SrTiO₃ photocatalyst, methoxy species are formed by dissociative adsorption of methanol leading to formaldehyde formation while the formation of CO, CO₂ (via a formate intermediate) and methyl formate occurs through three concurrent reactions from formyl species. Our findings suggest that CO adsorbed on Pt is a spectator species not perturbing the reaction kinetics, and deactivation is shown to be strongly correlated with the accumulation of formate groups on SrTiO₃, which is more pronounced at high reaction temperatures. The mechanistic understanding provided here forms the basis for the further optimization of photocatalysts to increase methanol conversion and improve formaldehyde selectivity.