A full monolayer of superoxide: oxygen activation on the unmodified Ca3Ru2O7(001) surface

Abstract

Activating the O₂ molecule is at the heart of a variety of technological applications, most prominently in energy conversion schemes including solid oxide fuel cells, electrolysis, and catalysis. Perovskite oxides, both traditionally-used and novel formulations, are the prime candidates in established and emerging energy devices. This work shows that the as-cleaved and unmodified CaO-terminated (001) surface of Ca₃Ru₂O₇, a Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite, supports a full monolayer of superoxide ions, O₂⁻, when exposed to molecular O₂. The electrons for activating the molecule are transferred from the subsurface RuO₂ layer. Theoretical calculations using both, density functional theory (DFT) and more accurate methods (RPA), predict the adsorption of O₂⁻ with E_ads = 0.72 eV and provide a thorough analysis of the charge transfer. Non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) are used to resolve single molecules and confirm the predicted adsorption structures. Local contact potential difference (LCPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements on the full monolayer of O₂⁻ confirm the negative charge state of the molecules. The present study reports the rare case of an oxide surface without dopants, defects, or low-coordinated sites readily activating molecular O₂.