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Injectable conductive hydrogel electrodes for minimally invasive neural interfaces

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Skin-inspired laminated liquid metal doped hydrogel with mechanical toughness and high electrical conductivity

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Recent advances in smart responsive hydrogel microspheres for tissue regeneration: preparation, characteristics and applications

Zijian Wu, Guang Shi, Luhao Li, Zhenzhou Piao, Junwu Wang, Renxin Chen, Zhuowen Hao, Zheyuan Zhang, Zouwei Li, Yilong Huang and Jingfeng Li

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Liquid metal–hydrogel composites for flexible electronics

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Facile and fast preparation of stretchable, self-adhesive, moisturizing, antifreezing and conductive tough hydrogel for wearable strain sensors

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Gallium-based liquid metals as reaction media for nanomaterials synthesis

Ming Wang and Yiliang Lin

Nanoscale, 2024, 16, 6915
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Study on the size and spatial configuration of liquid metal droplets in conductive hydrogels induced by surface acoustic waves

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Self-healing liquid metal hydrogel for human–computer interaction and infrared camouflage

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A dynamic nanoconfinement strategy towards self-healing soft electronics with super stretchability, ultrahigh strength and reliably high conductivity

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Ultra-high xylan content solid-state ionic conductors with mechanical excellence

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Carbohydrate Polymers, 2025, 356, 123366
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Conductive Eutectogels Fabricated by Dialdehyde Xylan/Liquid Metal-Initiated Rapid Polymerization for Multi-Response Sensors and Self-Powered Applications

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ACS Nano, 2025, 19, 2171
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Elastomeric polymers for conductive layers of flexible sensors: Materials, fabrication, performance, and applications

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Aggregate, 2023, 4
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Liquid metal alchemy: Unlocking self-healing gallium-based materials for next-generation electronics

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Highly-sensitive, anti-freezing, recyclable chitosan quaternary ammonium salt hydrogel constructed by piezoelectric dipole introduction for low-temperature sensing application

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Ultrasound assisted lignin-decorated MWCNT doped flexible PVA–Chitosan composite hydrogel

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Recent Progress in Self-Healable Hydrogel-Based Electroluminescent Devices: A Comprehensive Review

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Rapidly polymerized multifunctional hydrogel sensor initiated by nanocellulose‐stabilized MXene‐coated liquid metal for advanced wearable applications

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Conductive hydrogels for bioenergy harvesting and self-powered application

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Environmentally adaptive and durable hydrogels toward multi-sensory application

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Rapid gelation of mechanical robust, conductive, and self-healing lignocellulosic nanofibrils hydrogel toward flexible sensor over a broad temperature spectrum

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High strength and anti‐swelling hydrogel strain sensors based on amphiphilic polyurethane assemblies for human‐motion detection

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Phycocyanin/Liquid Metal Hydrogel-Based Wearable Electronics for Monitoring Physical Stimulus-Response Behavior

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ACS Appl. Eng. Mater., 2025, 3, 2741
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Elastic and conductive gellan gum/polyvinyl alcohol physical hydrogels with low swelling potential for sustainable flexible electronics

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Journal of Cleaner Production, 2024, 435, 140503
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Superabsorbent carboxymethyl cellulose–based hydrogel fabricated by liquid-metal-induced double crosslinking polymerisation

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An organo-hydrogel with extreme mechanical performance and tolerance beyond skin

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Materials Today, 2024, 72, 25
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Smart hydrogels with liquid metals: Structural design, properties, and applications

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Liquid Metal‐Based Soft Materials for Self‐Healing Flexible Electronics

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Adv Materials Technologies, 2026, 11
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High stretchability and toughness of liquid metal reinforced conductive biocompatible hydrogels for flexible strain sensors

Mengchen Liu, Yufei Zhang, Yi Xiao, Yang Wei, Meichen Bi, Huaide Jiang, Yan Yu and Shenghong Zhong

Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry, 2025, 44, 100518
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Facile fabrication of liquid metal enabled conductive zwitterionic hydrogel for robust electrochemical sensing in complex serum

Jiao Ma, Shikang Li, Xiaoting Li, Kunpeng Guo, Hua Wang and Jinghua Yin

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 492, 152433
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Introductory Review of Soft Implantable Bioelectronics Using Conductive and Functional Hydrogels and Hydrogel Nanocomposites

San Kim, Yumin Shin, Jaewon Han, Hye Jin Kim and Sung-Hyuk Sunwoo

Gels, 2024, 10, 614
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Flexible hydrogel sensor with excellent antibacterial and low temperature frost resistance

Yibo Sun, Zhe Yu, Yiyan Gao, Xiuyan Ren, Lijie Duan and Guanghui Gao

Polymer, 2023, 283, 126282
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When nanocellulose meets liquid metal: a review of the synergistic frontier for flexible electronics

Lin Zhong, Qianqian Zhu, Xinyu Wang, Gang Huang, Jun Liu, Huan Liu and Qianqian Wang

Cellulose, 2025, 32, 9787
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Hydrophobic association-improved multi-functional hydrogels with liquid metal droplets stabilized by xanthan gum and PEDOT:PSS for strain sensors

Qishu Lu, Wenxia Liu, Duo Chen, Dehai Yu, Zhaoping Song, Huili Wang, Guodong Li, Xiaona Liu and Shaohua Ge

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 271, 132494
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Highly stretchable, stable MXene-based hydrogel for human motion monitoring

Yafei Liu, Jing Ran, Yujie Gui, Ying Lv, Huixia Feng, Xia Zhao, Jianhui Qiu, Xuemei Ma and Yuchen Yang

Materials Today Communications, 2024, 38, 108240
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Advanced Liquid Metal-Based Hydrogels for Flexible Electronics

Weiwei Zhao, Le Yao, Jiacheng Shen, Shujiao Chen, Shujing Zhu, Shu Chen, Longlu Wang, Yang Li, Shujuan Liu and Qiang Zhao

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2025, 17, 27713
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Synergistic construction of lignin-modified multifunctional hydrogels via dynamic ionic networks and nanoclay physical reinforcement: From superior mechanical properties to fine tactile sensing

Yongjian Zhang, Yi Zhang, Zuochao Zhu, Chaofei Guo, Yanting Chen, Zien Xu, Xiao Yu, Minghui Li, Yuxuan Wang, Xuejuan Yang and Xiping Luo

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 528, 172233
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Self-healing and adhesive MXene-polypyrrole/silk fibroin/polyvinyl alcohol conductive hydrogels as wearable sensor

Lijun You, Zhijuan Zheng, Wenjing Xu, Yang Wang, Weijie Xiong, Caihua Xiong and Shaoyun Wang

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 263, 130439
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Interfacial engineering of liquid metal nanoparticles for the fabrication of conductive hydrogels: A review

Yanbo Zhao, Kai Zhao, Rong Qian, Zhumin Yu and Changqing Ye

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 486, 150197
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Highly Stretchable yet Degradable and Recyclable Conductive Composites with Liquid Metal Nanodroplets as Physical Crosslinks

Dingling Zhong, Shiyang Shi, Xiaolong Yang, Stephan Handschuh‐Wang, Yaokang Zhang, Tiansheng Gan and Xuechang Zhou

Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34
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Highly sensitive and self-healing conductive hydrogels fabricated from cationic cellulose nanofiber-dispersed liquid metal for strain sensors

Shihao Wu, Bingyan Wang, Duo Chen, Xiaona Liu, Huili Wang, Zhaoping Song, Dehai Yu, Guodong Li, Shaohua Ge and Wenxia Liu

Sci. China Mater., 2023, 66, 1923
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PRP-driven biomimetic liver tissue engineering: A cost-effective platform for high-efficiency expansion of mouse primary hepatocytes

Weixiao Ding, Peng Zhou, Yalei Qiao, Shujun Wang, Xinmeng Li, Hongyan Wang, Yiwei Li, Liangliang Zhang, Xuyue Zhou, Chuntao Chen, Hongxia Qu, Lei Zhang, Xiao Fu and Dongping Sun

Biomaterials, 2026, 330, 124019
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Highly Tough, Freeze-Resistant, Sensitive, and Recyclable Starch-based Multifunctional Hydrogel Flexible Wearable Sensor for Human Motion Monitoring

Enyuan Cui, Peng Liu, Jiaozhu Yu, Feihong Li, Xiangyu Li, Yaxin Gu, Yunwu Yu, Changxiu Chen, Shihang Wang, Haojing Zhu and Rui Song

J Polym Environ, 2024, 32, 5344
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Simultaneously Achieving Ultra‐Stretchability and Biocompatibility in Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Materials Through a Biomimetic Strategy and MXene Enhancement

Lingyang Ruan, Fanmao Meng, Hongtao Guo, Haojie Jiang, Yiyao Qi, Chengyu Li, Runa Zhang, Fei Pan, Wenwen Jia, Yang Yang, Bin Yuan and Wei Lu

Adv Funct Materials, 2025, 35
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Advances of conductive hydrogel designed for flexible electronics: A review

Guanzhou Zhu, Negar Javanmardia, Lili Qian, Fei Jin, Tong Li, Siwei Zhang, Yuyuan He, Yu Wang, Xuran Xu, Ting Wang and Zhang-Qi Feng

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 281, 136115
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Multifunctional Conductive Hydrogels: Design Strategies and Applications in Wearable Sensors and Flexible Supercapacitors

Ting Zhou, Hexi Li, Jiuxiong Mao, Zhihao Yi, Hui Hua and Anna Zhu

Small, 2026, 22
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Electrically conductive “SMART” hydrogels for on-demand drug delivery

Soumajyoti Ghosh, Nikhil Kumar and Santanu Chattopadhyay

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2025, 20, 101007
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Liquid Metal-Tailored PEDOT:PSS for Noncontact Flexible Electronics with High Spatial Resolution

Bin Chen, Minying Wu, Shenwen Fang, Yudong Cao, Liyuan Pei, Haibin Zhong, Chang Sun, Xianglong Lin, Xuanyang Li, Jianfeng Shen and Mingxin Ye

ACS Nano, 2022, 16, 19305
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Applications of cellulose-based flexible self-healing sensors for human health monitoring

Yichi Liu, Feijie Wang, Zihan Hu, Mengdi Li, Shiqiang Ouyang, Yiting Wu, Suyang Wang, Zhihua Li, Jing Qian, Liqiang Wang and Shufeng Ma

Nano Energy, 2024, 127, 109790
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A Liquid Metal‐Based Temperature‐Responsive Low‐Toxic Smart Coating for Anti‐Biofouling Applications in Marine Engineering

Ningbo Li, Xuzhou Jiang, Hongying Yu and Dongbai Sun

Small Methods, 2025, 9
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Design and Application of Light Responsive Smart Bio-adhesive Materials★

Hengjie Zhang, Kunrui Liu, Xianchun Chen, Zhipeng Gu and Yiwen Li

Acta Chimica Sinica, 2023, 81, 1739
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Using chitosan nanofibers to synergistically construct a highly stretchable multi-functional liquid mental-based hydrogel for assembling strain sensor with high sensitivity and broad working range

Bingyan Wang, Xueyan Wang, Wenxia Liu, Zhaoping Song, Huili Wang, Guodong Li, Dehai Yu, Xiaona Liu and Shaohua Ge

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 259, 129225
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Liquid Metals as Initiators of Free‐Radical Polymerization of Hydrogels: A Perspective

Syed Ahmed Jaseem, Pooria Rahmani, Tushar Sakorikar, Jinwoo Ma, Omar Almutairi, Maxim A. Voinov, Alex I. Smirnov, Baihang Chen and Michael D. Dickey

Adv Funct Materials, 2026, 36
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Preparation and motion-sensing properties of ion/electron mixed conductive hydrogels fabricated by carbon-coated sepiolite nanofibers

Yizhi Jiang, Yuze Luo, Sibo Wen and Yanhuai Ding

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2024, 703, 135421
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Nucleobase-Modified Adhesive and Conductive Hydrogel Interface for Bioelectronics

Shengkai Sun, Meng Xu, Yuewu Zhao, Tingting Cheng, Ying Xiang, Xiaoxuan Liu, Jine Wang and Renjun Pei

ACS Appl. Nano Mater., 2023, 6, 21226
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Developing a carbon composite hydrogel with a highly conductive network to improve strain sensing performance

Xueyan Wang, Guixing Wang, Wenxia Liu, Dehai Yu, Xiaona Liu, Guodong Li, Zhaoping Song and Huili Wang

Carbon, 2024, 216, 118500
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Liquid metal and Mxene enable self-healing soft electronics based on double networks of bacterial cellulose hydrogels

Ming Wang, Orlando J. Rojas, Like Ning, Yuehu Li, Xun Niu, Xuetong Shi and Haisong Qi

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2023, 301, 120330
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Fabrication of Ionic Supramolecular Oleogel Lubricants Enhanced with Liquid Metal Nanodroplets for Superior Tribological Performance

Tiantian Wang, Yixin Wang, Xinnan Wang, Baoluo He, Shujuan Liu, Qian Ye, Feng Zhou and Weimin Liu

ACS Nano, 2024, 18, 33468
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Liquid metals nanotransformer for healthcare biosensors

Yunlong Bai, Jie Zhang, Chennan Lu and Wei Rao

Soft Sci, 2023, 3
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Synthesis and Application of Liquid Metal Based-2D Nanomaterials: A Perspective View for Sustainable Energy

Gengcheng Liao, Long Ren, Zixuan Guo, Hui Qiao, Zongyu Huang, Ziyu Wang and Xiang Qi

Molecules, 2023, 28, 524
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Biocompatible Collagen/Liquid Metal/Carbon Nanotube Hydrogel for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding in Bioelectronics

Xinghai Wang, Hao Tang, Yahui Wen, Jinxue Zhao, Peiyi Li, Wei Xia, Liping Guo, Zhao Li and Lidong Wu

ACS Sens., 2025, 10, 8754
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Highly stretchable, self-healing, antibacterial, conductive, and amylopectin-enhanced hydrogels with gallium droplets loading as strain sensors

Feihong Hu, Baoting Dong, Dehai Yu, Rui Zhao, Wei Chen, Zhaoping Song, Peng Lu, Fengshan Zhang, Zhaojiang Wang, Xiaona Liu, Huili Wang, Wenxia Liu and Huihui Li

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2024, 342, 122357
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Enhanced multifunctional liquid metal-based hydrogels with vinyl silica nanoparticles for advanced strain sensing applications

Bingyan Wang, Wenxia Liu, Zhaoping Song, Guodong Li, Dehai Yu, Xiaona Liu, Huili Wang and Shaohua Ge

Sci. China Mater., 2024, 67, 3309
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Ultrahigh-strength PVA–SNF@TA hydrogel with multifunctionality applied as strain and pressure sensor

Qian Qian, Shuxiang Bao, Juan Xia, Wangyang Lu and Nan Li

Appl. Phys. A, 2023, 129
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“Heat‐Press‐N‐Go” Stretchable Interconnects Enabled by Liquid Metal Conductor with Supramolecular Confinement

Liqing Ai, Weikang Lin, Limei Ai, Yannan Li, Mengyi Qiang, Xiaoya Wang, Min Shi, Zhengbao Yang and Xi Yao

Adv Funct Materials, 2025, 35
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Low hysteresis, anti-freezing and conductive organohydrogel prepared by thiol-ene click chemistry for human-machine interaction

Wanqi Feng, Yixiang Chen, Yu Jiang, Aocheng Hu, Wei Wang and Dan Yu

Polymer, 2022, 262, 125464
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A Laminated Gravity‐Driven Liquid Metal‐Doped Hydrogel of Unparalleled Toughness and Conductivity

Qingtian Zhang, Hongda Lu, Guolin Yun, Liping Gong, Zexin Chen, Shida Jin, Haiping Du, Zhen Jiang and Weihua Li

Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34
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Nanoarchitectonics and Applications of Gallium‐Based Liquid Metal Micro‐ and Nanoparticles

Zhi‐Peng Zhang and Hong Xia

ChemNanoMat, 2023, 9
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Using xanthan gum and PEDOT:PSS to costabilize Ga droplets to synergistically improve the toughness and sensing performance of polyacrylamide hydrogels

Qishu Lu, Wenxia Liu, Xiaona Liu, Dehai Yu, Zhaoping Song, Huili Wang, Guodong Li and Shaohua Ge

Sci. China Mater., 2023, 66, 3723
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Metal-ion and cellulose nanofibers-reinforced polyacrylamide (PAM)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) conductive organohydrogels for flexible strain sensors

Jinmin Li, Yexiong Huang, Chunxin Hao, Tingyu Liu, Lei Yang, Shuaiqi Li, Mingyu Pi and Dingke Zhang

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025, 331, 148423
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Motion Detecting, Temperature Alarming, and Wireless Wearable Bioelectronics Based on Intrinsically Antibacterial Conductive Hydrogels

Tengjiao Wang, Jiang Song, Rongjun Liu, Siew Yin Chan, Kun Wang, Yang Su, Peng Li and Wei Huang

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2022, 14, 14596
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Tara Tannin-Cross-Linked, Underwater-Adhesive, Super Self-Healing, and Recyclable Gelatin-Based Conductive Hydrogel as a Strain Sensor

Zhen He, Jiachang Liu, Xin Fan, Bin Song and Haibin Gu

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2022, 61, 17915
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Scalable Fabrication of Structurally Stable Polymer Film with Excellent UV‐Shielding, Fluorescent, and Antibacterial Capabilities

Kaiyuan Shen, Hongchen Liu, Changjing Qiu, Mengzhen Yuan, Zhishan Chen and Haisong Qi

Macromol. Rapid Commun., 2024, 45
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Liquid Metal Nanoparticles Physically Hybridized with Cellulose Nanocrystals Initiate and Toughen Hydrogels with Piezoionic Properties

Pooria Rahmani, Akbar Shojaei, Tushar Sakorikar, Meixiang Wang, Yuniva Mendoza-Apodaca and Michael D. Dickey

ACS Nano, 2024, 18, 8038
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High-strength polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin/LiCl dual-network conductive hydrogel for multifunctional sensors and supercapacitors

Fan Wang and Xieraili Maimaitiyiming

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 282, 137293
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Recent progress in fabrications, properties and applications of multifunctional conductive hydrogels

Jie Liu, Wenbin Wang, Hui Li, Peixian Huo, Pengpeng Teng, Hongyao Ding and Xiaodong Shen

European Polymer Journal, 2024, 208, 112895
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Sponge‐inspired multisensory hydrogel

Kun Chen, Ruonan Liu, He Liu, Tong Lyu, Zhaoyang Wang and Ye Tian

Polymers for Advanced Techs, 2023, 34, 758
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Recent development and advances on fabrication and biomedical applications of Ga-based liquid metal micro/nanoparticles

Xiaowei Yang, Ying Yu, Qi Lai, Xinmin Yang, Peng Luo, Bin Zhang, Xiaoyong Zhang and Yen Wei

Composites Part B: Engineering, 2023, 248, 110384
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Double-network conductive hydrogel for non-contact respiratory monitoring

Shuhang Deng, Xiaoran Ming, Guilong Yan, Li Wang, Zhenyu Li, Jingyu Chen, Jingjuan Lai, Dong Li, Dong Xiang, Chunxia Zhao, Hui Li, Xuezhong Zhang, Han Li, Xungai Wang, Yu Xiao and Yuanpeng Wu

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 502, 157719
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Multifunctional Conductive Hydrogel Composites with Nickel Nanowires and Liquid Metal Conductive Highways

Yanlin Chen, Diana Estevez, Zihao Zhu, Yunfei Wang, Yiu-Wing Mai and Faxiang Qin

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2024, 16, 29267
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Conductive Hydrogels: Progress and Prospects in Biomedical Engineering

Lin Guan, Xingchen Li and Hongkai Zhao

Macromol. Rapid Commun., 2026, 47
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Liquid Metal‐Based Organohydrogels for Wearable Flexible Electronics

Bin Chen, Guanglei Liu, Minying Wu, Yudong Cao, Haibin Zhong, Jianfeng Shen and Mingxin Ye

Adv Materials Technologies, 2023, 8
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Construction of “island-bridge” microstructured conductive coating for enhanced impedance response of organohydrogel strain sensor

Dianbo Zhang, Hongling Sun, Mengjie Huang, Minglong Su, Yonggang Ma, Mengyu Shi, Liwei Mi, Chuntai Liu and Hu Liu

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 496, 153752
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Advances of liquid metal hydrogel composites in biomedical applications

Junbo Chen, Xiao Yan, Tianzhen Zhang, Xiao Yuan and Qiang Zhang

Biomed. Mater., 2024, 19, 012001
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Fast gelling, high performance MXene hydrogels for wearable sensors

Shipeng Zhang, Fengmei Guo, Meng Li, Mengdan Yang, Ding Zhang, Lei Han, Xinjian Li, Yingjiu Zhang, Anyuan Cao and Yuanyuan Shang

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2024, 658, 137
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Highly Stretchable Conductive Hydrogel-Based Flexible Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Ultrasensitive Tactile Sensing

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