Protection-free fabrication of glycopolymer-decorated electrodes for label-free electrochemical detection of pathogenic bacteria

Abstract

We present a novel interfacial glycosylation method via biomimetic adhesion and π–π stacking without protecting groups. The resulting glycan-coated electrodes detect pathogenic bacteria down to 10² CFU mL⁻¹ in real food samples, demonstrating strong anti-interference ability and potential for food safety monitoring.