A Review of Methanol-to-Olefins Conversion over SAPO-34: Catalyst Design, Mechanisms, and Kinetics

Abstract

The methanol-to-olefins (MTO) process has gained significant attention as a promising alternative for light olefin production, particularly because traditional methods are energy-intensive and rely on a limited number of feedstocks. Methanol, on the other hand, is both abundant and can be sustainably derived, supporting the concept of a closed carbon cycle. This literature review combines three decades of key developments in the MTO process, with a focus on the role of SAPO-34, the catalyst which plays a critical part in achieving high selectivity for ethylene and propylene. The review begins by comparing the MTO process with existing olefin production technologies, followed by an overview of how the reaction mechanisms have developed over time, from early-stage concepts to the widely accepted hydrocarbon pool model. Kinetic models developed to describe the complex reactions involved in the MTO process are also examined. A significant part of this review is placed on catalyst design, including strategies for enhancing SAPO-34 performance through structural modifications, metal incorporation, and shaping techniques aimed at extending the catalyst's lifespan. This comprehensive review provides insights intended to inform future advancements in the efficiency and sustainability of MTO-based industrial applications.