Sustainable Fabrication of δ-MnO₂/Graphene Oxide Composites from Waste Battery Graphite via In-Situ Electrochemical Exfoliation for Supercapacitors and Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries

Abstract

In situ electrochemical exfoliation of recycled battery graphite in 1 M Mn²⁺ solution produced defective graphene oxide enriched with carbon-oxygen functional groups and uniformly deposited δ-MnO₂, demonstrating excellent performance in supercapacitors (1126 F g-1 by CV at v=1 mV s-1) and aqueous zinc-ion batteries (35 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.4 A g⁻¹)