Paper-based sustainable biosensors

Abstract

Sustainability is the priority of the research community in designing and manufacturing value-added products, including biosensing devices. In this case, the utilization of paper and cellulose-based fibrous materials has been widely explored for developing biosensing devices in the past decade due to their high versatility, adaptability, biodegradability, and low cost. Recently, paper-based multifunctional biosensing devices have been developed for a sustainable future in a variety of applications such as the healthcare, agriculture, food safety and security, and environmental fields. However, there are still various technological and environmental issues that need to be overcome for manufacturing the desired biosensors. In this review, we provide the precise fundamentals of biosensing concepts, sustainable materials, and their utilization in developing paper-based sustainable biosensing devices for different healthcare, agriculture, food industry, environmental, and other applications. Moreover, the challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives regarding the use of these sustainable materials, together with their economic and advanced technological features are presented.