Chelation of [111In]In3+ with the dual-size-selective macrocycles py-macrodipa and py2-macrodipa

Abstract

Indium-111 (¹¹¹In) is a diagnostic radiometal that is important in nuclear medicine for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). In order to apply this radiometal, it needs to be stably chelated and conjugated to a targeting vector that delivers it to diseased tissue. Identifying effective chelators that are capable of binding and retaining [¹¹¹In]In³⁺in vivo is an important research area. In this study, two 18-membered macrocyclic chelators, py-macrodipa and py₂-macrodipa, were investigated for their ability to form stable coordination complexes with In³⁺ and to be effectively radiolabeled with [¹¹¹In]In³⁺. The In³⁺ complexes of these two chelators were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and density functional theory calculations. These studies show that both py-macrodipa and py₂-macrodipa form 8-coordinate In³⁺ complexes and attain an asymmetric conformation, consistent with prior studies on this ligand class with small rare earth metal ions. Spectrophotometric titrations were carried out to determine the thermodynamic stability constants (log K_ML) of [In(py-macrodipa)]⁺ and [In(py₂-macrodipa)]⁺, which were found to be 18.96(6) and 19.53(5), respectively, where the values in parentheses are the errors of the last significant figures obtained from the standard deviation from three independent replicates. Radiolabeling studies showed that py-macrodipa and py₂-macrodipa can quantitatively be radiolabeled with [¹¹¹In]In³⁺ at 25 °C within 5 min, even at ligand concentrations as low as 1 μM. The in vitro stability of the radiolabeled complexes was investigated in human serum at 37 °C, revealing that ∼90% of [¹¹¹In][In(py-macrodipa)]⁺ and [¹¹¹In][In(py₂-macrodipa)]⁺ remained intact after 7 days. The biodistribution of these radiolabeled complexes in mice was investigated, showing lower uptake in the kidneys, liver, and blood at the 24 h mark compared to [¹¹¹In]InCl₃. These results demonstrate the potential of py-macrodipa and py₂-macrodipa as chelators for [¹¹¹In]In³⁺, suggesting their value for SPECT radiopharmaceuticals.