Liquid interfaces: an emerging platform for energy conversion and harvesting

Abstract

Energy conversion and harvesting technologies primarily rely on interface interactions at the liquid–liquid and liquid–solid interfaces. The efficient functioning of these technologies can be achieved through interface engineering, which regulates mass transfer and charge transportation. Several strategies have been employed to control the properties of the interface and enhance energy conversion efficiency. Significant progress has been made in understanding reactions at the liquid interface, opening new opportunities for its application. This review summarizes recent advancements in liquid interface manipulation methods, such as structured liquids and ultra-stable emulsions, and various liquid interface-based applications, including hydrovoltaic, triboelectric nanogenerators, all-liquid batteries, and water desalination, offering insights into the understanding of the complicated liquid interface and the reactions happening at liquid interfaces.