A smart injectable composite hydrogel with magnetic navigation and controlled glutathione release for promoting in situ chondrocyte array and self-healing in damaged cartilage tissue

Abstract

Injectable cell-based hydrogels allow surgical operation in a minimally invasive way for articular cartilage lesions but the chondrocytes in the injectable hydrogels are difficultly arrayed and fixed at the site of interest to repair the cartilage tissue. In this study, an injectable hyaluronic acid–polyacrylic acid (HA–pAA) hydrogel was first synthesized using hyaluronic acid–cyclodextrin (HA–CD) and polyacrylic acid–ferrocene (pAA–Fc) to provide cell-delivery and self-healing. To promote the cell fixation and alignment, porous poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) magnetic microcapsules (PPMMs) with glutathione (GSH) loaded and iron oxide nanoparticles (IO) located in the shell were designed. The GSH-loaded PPMMs with layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of hyaluronic acid (HA) and GSH (LbL-PPMMs) can provide a two-stage rapid and slow release of GSH to modulate the self-healing of the HA–pAA hydrogel at the injured site. Furthermore, the chondrocytes embedded in the HA–pAA hydrogel could be delivered through CD44 receptors on the HA polymer chains of LbL-PPMMs toward the surface of the damaged site by an internal magnetic force. The composite hydrogel system of chondrocytes/LbL-PPMMs/HA–pAA can provide the damaged cartilage with a more even and smooth surface than other groups in a rabbit model after 8 weeks of implantation. In addition, the chondrocytes in the deep zone tissue exhibit a columnar array, similar to the cell arrangement in normal cartilage tissue. Together with the cell navigation behavior and GSH release from the LbL-PPMM/HA–pAA hydrogel, a full closure of lesions on the cartilage tissue can be achieved. Our results demonstrate the highly promising potential of the injectable LbL-PPMM/HA–pAA system in cartilage tissue repair.