Interface modification of sputtered NiOx as the hole-transporting layer for efficient inverted planar perovskite solar cells

Abstract

Nickel oxide (NiO_x) as a hole-transporting layer (HTL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been studied extensively in recent years. However, unlike the solution-processed NiO_x films, magnetron sputtered NiO_x exhibits relatively low conductivity and imperfect band alignment with perovskites, severely limiting the device performance of PSCs. In this study, a synergistically combined strategy consisting of triple interface treatments – including post-annealing, O₂-plasma, and potassium chloride treatments – is employed to modulate the optoelectronic properties of the sputtered NiO_x films. Through this approach, we successfully obtained NiO_x films with increased carrier density and conductivity, better energy level alignment with the perovskite absorber layer, reduced interface trap density, and improved interfacial charge extraction. PSCs using this modified sputtered NiO_x as the HTL deliver a highest stabilized efficiency of 18.7%. Our result offers an alternative method to manipulate sputtered NiO_x thin film properties and thereby sheds light on a manufacturing pathway to perovskite solar cells featuring sputtered NiO_x HTL.