Advancements in understanding the occurrence and photodegradation mechanisms of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in aquatic environments

Abstract

Emerging contaminants in aquatic environments have increased threats to human health in the last decade. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have received significant attention owing to their persistence, diverse sources, and concealed risks. Factors such as abundance, transformation, and treatment technology all affect the final fate of PPCPs. Herein, we investigate the sources of PPCPs in aquatic environments, analyze their distribution across various water bodies, and elucidate their photodegradation mechanisms under complex environmental factors. Our study provides crucial insights that facilitate the prediction of the occurrence and ultimate fate of PPCPs in aquatic systems.