Core–shell nanoparticle monolayers at planar liquid–liquid interfaces: effects of polymer architecture on the interface microstructure

Abstract

Self-assembly of core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) at liquid–liquid interfaces is rapidly emerging as a strategy for the production of novel nano-materials bearing vast potential for applications, including membrane fabrication, drug delivery and emulsion stabilization. The development of such nanoparticle-based materials is facilitated by structural characterization techniques that are able to monitor in situ the self-assembly process during its evolution. Here, we present an in situ high-energy X-ray reflectivity study of the evolution of the vertical position (contact angle) and inter-particle spacing of core–shell iron oxide–poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) nanoparticles adsorbing at flat, horizontal buried water–n-decane interfaces. The results are compared with time-resolved interfacial tension data acquired with the conventional pendant drop method. We investigate in particular the effect of varying polymer molecular weights (2–5 kDa) and architectures (linear vs. dendritic) on the self-assembly process and the final structure of the interfacially adsorbed NP monolayers. Linear PEG particles adsorb more rapidly than dendritic PEG ones and reach full interface coverage and stable NP monolayer structure, while dendritic PEG particles undergo a slower adsorption process, which is not completed within the experimental time window of ∼6 hours. All NPs are highly hydrophilic with effective contact angles that depend weakly on PEG molecular weight and architecture. Conversely, the in-plane NP separation depends strongly on PEG molecular weight. The measured inter-particle separation at full interface coverage yields low iron oxide core content, indicating a strong deformation and flattening of the linear PEG shell at the interface. This finding is supported by modeling and has direct implications for materials fabrication, e.g. for the realization of core–shell NP membranes by in situ cross-linking of the polymer shells.