Plant Derived Exosome-Like Nanoparticles Ameliorate Glycolipid Metabolism Diseases: Molecular Mechanism, Advances and Bottlenecks

Abstract

Glycolipid Metabolism Diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), are increasingly becoming a significant global public health burden. Existing treatment approaches still face challenges in terms of long-term efficacy and safety, highlighting an urgent need to develop innovative intervention strategies. Compared to mammal-derived exosomes, exosome-like nanoparticles derived from natural plants exhibit unique application prospects owing to their abundant sources, good biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. This review systematically summarizes the resent progress of natural plantderived exosome-like nanoparticles (PELNs) in ameliorating disorders of glucolipid metabolism through multi-target and multi-pathway synergistic effects, including enhancing insulin sensitivity, alleviating oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory responses, and modulating gut microbiota balance. We summarize the potential of PELNs as novel therapeutic agent and drug delivery carriers, and analyze the the current issues and challenges faced in clinical applications.