Actuation of bilayer hydrogels via a cross-stimuli chemical reaction network

Abstract

A bilayer hydrogel integrating a thermo-responsive layer and an ionic-sensitive layer is fabricated through a cross-stimuli chemical reaction network. This system leverages ion-regulated modulation of the volume phase transition temperature and thermally accelerated decomposition of ammonium carbonate to achieve synergistic cross-stimuli effects, enabling spatiotemporally programmable actuation under coupled environmental triggers.