The application of low-temperature processed metal oxide electron transport layers in flexible perovskite solar cells

Abstract

Flexible perovskite devices have garnered significant attention due to their promising applications in wearable electronics and portable energy systems. Metal oxide electron transport layers (ETLs), such as SnO₂ and ZnO, processed at low temperatures, are particularly well-suited for fabrication processes that require compatibility with flexible substrates. This review presents recent advancements in the low-temperature preparation of SnO₂ and ZnO, followed by a summary of their latest applications, categorized into additive and interface engineering. Additionally, other metal oxide ETMs treated at low temperatures are briefly discussed. Finally, the review concludes with an analysis of the challenges and limitations associated with perovskite solar cells (PSCs) that incorporate low-temperature processed metal oxide ETLs.