A dual-functional sodium alginate–poly(zinc acrylate) hydrogel electrolyte for enhanced stability of aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Abstract

A dual-functional PAZ-S gel electrolyte was prepared through strategic modification of sodium alginate (SA) with poly(zinc acrylate) (PAZ), which enhanced anode stability while simultaneously facilitating Mn²⁺ deposition onto the cathode. As a demonstration of its practical applicability, pouch cells incorporating the PAZ-S gel electrolyte maintained normal operation even when subjected to mechanical impact, perforation, and cutting.