Applications of liquid metals in nanotechnology

Francois-Marie Allioux, Mohammad B. Ghasemian, Wanjie Xie, Anthony P. O'Mullane, Torben Daeneke, Michael D. Dickey and Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh

Nanoscale Horiz., 2022, 7, 141
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Functional liquid metal nanoparticles: synthesis and applications

Cerwyn Chiew, Maria J. Morris and Mohammad H. Malakooti

Mater. Adv., 2021, 2, 7799
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Ultra-robust, high-adhesive, self-healing, and photothermal zwitterionic hydrogels for multi-sensory applications and solar-driven evaporation

Youyou Chen, Chen Zhang, Rui Yin, Minghan Yu, Yijie Liu, Yaming Liu, Haoran Wang, Feihua Liu, Feng Cao, Guoqing Chen and Weiwei Zhao

Mater. Horiz., 2023, 10, 3807
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A liquid metal catalyst for the conversion of ethanol into graphitic carbon layers under an ultrasonic cavitation field

Hideya Kawasaki, Tomoko Otsuki, Fumiya Sugino, Ken Yamamoto, Tomoharu Tokunaga, Rintaro Tokura and Tetsu Yonezawa

Chem. Commun., 2022, 58, 7741
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Patterning of a High Surface Area Liquid Metal‐Carbon Composite Film Using Laser Processing

Ethan J. Frey, Sooik Im, Adam L. Bachmann, Jan Genzer and Michael D. Dickey

Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34
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Liquid Metal-Graphene composite conductive nanofiber flexible pressure sensor for dynamic health monitoring

Manfeng Gong, Chenglong Tu, Xitong Lin, Fang Wang, Haishan Lian, Zaifu Cui and Xiaojun Chen

Materials & Design, 2025, 252, 113811
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Smart hydrogels with liquid metals: Structural design, properties, and applications

Shengbo Geng, Qin Qin, Gaigai Duan, Xiaoshuai Han, Chunmei Zhang, Shuijian He, Chunxin Ma, Haimei Mao and Shaohua Jiang

Polymer, 2025, 323, 128171
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Liquid metal@graphene oxide nanoparticles toughened polybenzoxazine and its high-performance coating applications

Yubo Chen, Qinglong An, Fengjun Chen, Lixian Yin, Bowen Tao and Zhi Wang

Progress in Organic Coatings, 2025, 208, 109440
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MXene-Coated Liquid Metal Nanodroplet Aggregates

Mason Zadan, Yafeng Hu, Jeremiah Lipp, Michael Vinciguerra, Neal Lewis, Dylan Shah, Mohammad F. Islam, Dhriti Nepal, Matthew Grasinger, Kaushik Dayal, Christopher Tabor and Carmel Majidi

Langmuir, 2025, 41, 8834
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In situ interfacial engineering enabled mechanically adaptive and highly stretchable liquid metal conductor

Shuang-Man Xie, Xing Zhao, Li-Mei Peng, Peng Yu, Xiang-Jun Zha, Kai Ke, Rui-Ying Bao, Ming-Bo Yang and Wei Yang

Polymer, 2022, 240, 124482
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Advances in liquid metal composites: properties, applications, and future prospects

Mohammad B. Ghasemian, Junma Tang, Md. Arifur Rahim, Jianbo Tang and Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh

Trends in Chemistry, 2024, 6, 79
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A Liquid Metal‐Enabled Catalyst for Li‐CO2 Battery

Guangyu Chai, Wangyan Wu, Hongfei Cheng, Jian Lin and Wei Luo

Advanced Energy Materials, 2025, 15
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Preliminary research on liquid electrode in electrocatalysis

Fajun Li, Huimin Chen, Keying Zhang, Cong Wang, Chengcheng Liu, Xuelian Li, Yi Zhang and Haifeng Xu

Materials Letters, 2022, 308, 131171
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Nanoengineered Injectable Hydrogel: An Advanced Radioprotective Barrier with Magnetic Hyperthermia Synergy

Rong Zhao, Chao Liu, Hongyao Luo, Jiawang Zhao, Jinjie Zhang, Yunyan He, Zhi Li, Peng Yang, Lei Xu and Yanfen Wan

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2024, 16, 50188
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Tough hydrogel-coated containment capsule of magnetic liquid metal for remote gastrointestinal operation

Yifeng Shen, Jiasheng Cao, Enjie Zhou, Lei Wang, Kaihang Zhang, Yaoting Xue, Hui Yuan, Jiahao Hu, Siyang Li, Zhikun Miao, Yukai Zhao, Tuck-Whye Wong, Tiefeng Li, Mingyu Chen, Xuxu Yang and Wei Yang

National Science Review, 2025, 12
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Wettability of liquid metals on PEDOT:PSS for soft electronics

Hongyue Wang, Yongmin Zhang, Xinyu He, Fang Zuo, Yaoyue Yang, Ping Yan, Bin Luo and Shuai He

Applied Surface Science, 2023, 609, 155410
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Connecting the Dots: Sintering of Liquid Metal Particles for Soft and Stretchable Conductors

Simok Lee, Syed Ahmed Jaseem, Nurit Atar, Meixiang Wang, Jeong Yong Kim, Mohammadreza Zare, Sooyoung Kim, Michael D. Bartlett, Jae-Woong Jeong and Michael D. Dickey

Chem. Rev., 2025, 125, 3551
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Laser Writing of Eutectic Gallium–Indium Alloy Graphene‐Oxide Electrodes and Semitransparent Conductors

Alexandre Chambel, Afsaneh L. Sanati, Pedro Alhais Lopes, Timur Nikitin, Rui Fausto, Aníbal T. de Almeida and Mahmoud Tavakoli

Adv Materials Technologies, 2022, 7
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Multifunctional Liquid‐Metal Composites for Electromagnetic Communication and Attenuation

Jiali Chen, Da Yi, Bin Shen and Wenge Zheng

Advanced Materials, 2025, 37
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Liquid Metal@Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Putty for Microwave Absorption

Lichang Wang, Li Huang, Xihua Wang and Ye Yuan

ACS Appl. Nano Mater., 2023, 6, 13291
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Advances of liquid metal hydrogel composites in biomedical applications

Junbo Chen, Xiao Yan, Tianzhen Zhang, Xiao Yuan and Qiang Zhang

Biomed. Mater., 2024, 19, 012001
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Highly stretchable, durable, and transient conductive hydrogel for multi-functional sensor and signal transmission applications

Yuhang Ye and Feng Jiang

Nano Energy, 2022, 99, 107374
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Designing a Rare DNA-Like Double Helical Microfiber Superstructure via Self-Assembly of In Situ Carbon Fiber-Encapsulated WO3–x Nanorods as an Advanced Supercapacitor Material

Akshay V. Salkar, Amarja P. Naik, Sheshanath V. Bhosale and Pranay P. Morajkar

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2021, 13, 1288
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Recyclable liquid metal – Graphene supercapacitor

Afsaneh L. Sanati, Pedro Alhais Lopes, Alexandre Chambel, André F. Silva, Diogo M. Oliveira, Carmel Majidi, Anibal T. de Almeida and Mahmoud Tavakoli

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 479, 147894
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Metallic gels for conductive 3D and 4D printing

Ruizhe Xing, Jiayi Yang, Dongguang Zhang, Wei Gong, Taylor V. Neumann, Meixiang Wang, Renliang Huang, Jie Kong, Wei Qi and Michael D. Dickey

Matter, 2023, 6, 2248
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Toxicity and Biocompatibility of Liquid Metals

Sen Chen, Ruiqi Zhao, Xuyang Sun, Hongzhang Wang, Lei Li and Jing Liu

Adv Healthcare Materials, 2023, 12
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MXene-Reinforced Liquid Metal/Polymer Fibers via Interface Engineering for Wearable Multifunctional Textiles

Peng Yi, Haihan Zou, Yuanhang Yu, Xufeng Li, Zhenyang Li, Gao Deng, Chunyan Chen, Ming Fang, Junzhe He, Xin Sun, Xiaofang Liu, Jianglan Shui and Ronghai Yu

ACS Nano, 2022, 16, 14490
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Synthesis of Liquid Gallium@Reduced Graphene Oxide Core–Shell Nanoparticles with Enhanced Photoacoustic and Photothermal Performance

Yingyue Zhang, Zhenzhen Guo, Hanrui Zhu, Wenkui Xing, Peng Tao, Wen Shang, Benwei Fu, Chengyi Song, Yuan Hong, Michael D. Dickey and Tao Deng

J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2022, 144, 6779
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From Droplets to Devices: Recent Advances in Liquid Metal Droplet Enabled Electronics

Wedyan Babatain, Min Sung Kim and Muhammad Mustafa Hussain

Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34
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Nanotip Formation from Liquid Metals for Soft Electronic Junctions

Francois-Marie Allioux, Jialuo Han, Jianbo Tang, Salma Merhebi, Shengxiang Cai, Junma Tang, Roozbeh Abbasi, Franco Centurion, Maedehsadat Mousavi, Chengchen Zhang, Wanjie Xie, Mohannad Mayyas, Md. Arifur Rahim, Mohammad B. Ghasemian and Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2021, 13, 43247
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Liquid metal incorporated graphene oxide films with enhanced through-plane thermal conductivity and flame resistance

Hiran Chathuranga, Ifra Marriam, Zhanying Zhang, Jennifer MacLeod, Ruixiang Bai, Zhenkun Lei, Yan Li, Yinong Liu, Hong Yang and Cheng Yan

Applied Materials Today, 2022, 29, 101617
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High Colloidal Stable Carbon Dots Armored Liquid Metal Nano‐Droplets for Versatile 3D/4D Printing Through Digital Light Processing (DLP)

Linan Wang, Junle Zhang, Xi Zhang, Ge Shi, Yanjie He, Zhe Cui, Xiaomeng Zhang, Peng Fu, Minying Liu, Xiaoguang Qiao and Xinchang Pang

Energy & Environ Materials, 2024, 7
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Surface Optics and Color Effects of Liquid Metal Materials

Liangfei Duan, Tong Zhou, Yumin Zhang, Jianhong Zhao, Hongshun Zheng, Baoye Zi, Jin Zhang, Qian Li, Jing Liu and Qingju Liu

Advanced Materials, 2023, 35
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Intrinsically conductive and nano-scale reconfigurable liquid metal nano-capsules

Dan Xu, Jinwei Cao, Fengyuan Zhang, Xin Gao, Shengbin Li, Fei Liu, Shengding Wang, Shiying Li, Jinyun Liu, Yuanzhao Wu, Yiwei Liu, Jie Shang and Run-Wei Li

Materials Today Physics, 2023, 38, 101239
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Graphene‐Assisted Chemical Stabilization of Liquid Metal Nano Droplets for Liquid Metal Based Energy Storage

Afsaneh L. Sanati, Timur Nikitin, Rui Fausto, Carmel Majidi and Mahmoud Tavakoli

Adv Materials Technologies, 2024, 9
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Graphene oxide-encapsulated liquid-metal microcapsules: Addressing incompatibilities in heat storage density and thermal conductivity for electronic thermal management

Guangyin Liu, Yuhui Zhang, Hanbin Li and Jun Shen

Journal of Energy Storage, 2025, 118, 116279
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Augmentation of Liquid Metal Particle Mechanics via Non‐Native Oxide Nanoshells

Wilson Kong, Nicholas J. Morris, Zachary J. Farrell, Robert Wheeler and Christopher E. Tabor

Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34
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Dynamic Leakage‐Free Liquid Metals

Yongyu Lu, Dehai Yu, Haoxuan Dong, Sen Chen, He Zhou, Lichen Wang, Zhongshan Deng, Zhizhu He and Jing Liu

Adv Funct Materials, 2023, 33
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Simple preparation of lignosulfonate stabilized eutectic gallium/indium liquid metal nanodroplets through ball milling process

Xiaoguang Qiao, Yuhan Zhang, Linan Wang, Shuzhen Zhou and Xinchang Pang

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 254, 127809
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A novel MnFe2O4@CDs material of dual behavior: photothermal conversion performance and fluorescent probe. Capture, detection, and degradation of Atrazine

Patricia M. Olmos-Moya, Eduardo Móntes, Leopoldo Vázquez Ramírez, José Manuel Sánchez, Leonardo Álvarez-Valtierra, Christian Gómez Solís, Carlos E. Molina Guerrero, Mario A. Alpuche-Avilés and Carlos Pineda-Arellano

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2025, 13, 116226
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Shaping a Soft Future: Patterning Liquid Metals

Jinwoo Ma, Febby Krisnadi, Man Hou Vong, Minsik Kong, Omar M. Awartani and Michael D. Dickey

Advanced Materials, 2023, 35
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Self-healing, EMI shielding, and antibacterial properties of recyclable cellulose liquid metal hydrogel sensor

Xuezhen Feng, Chao Wang, Shibin Shang, He Liu, Xujuan Huang, Jianxin Jiang, Zhanqian Song and Haibo Zhang

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2023, 311, 120786
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Biphasic Graphene‐Oxide Liquid Metal Powder: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in Energy Storage

Afsaneh L. Sanati, André F. Silva, Miguel Maranha and Mahmoud Tavakoli

Energy & Environ Materials, 2025, 8
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Divide and Conquer: Design of Gallium‐Based Liquid Metal Particles for Soft and Stretchable Electronics

Gyeongsuk Park, Gun‐Hee Lee, Wonbeom Lee, Jiheong Kang, Seongjun Park and Steve Park

Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34
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Exploring Interfacial Graphene Oxide Reduction by Liquid Metals: Application in Selective Biosensing

Mahroo Baharfar, Mohannad Mayyas, Mohammad Rahbar, Francois-Marie Allioux, Jianbo Tang, Yifang Wang, Zhenbang Cao, Franco Centurion, Rouhollah Jalili, Guozhen Liu and Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh

ACS Nano, 2021, 15, 19661
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Zwitterionic microgel-functionalized gallium-based liquid-metal nanodroplets as aqueous lubricant additives

Baoluo He, Peng Wang, Qi Lu, Yixuan Du, Shujuan Liu, Qian Ye, Feng Zhou and Weimin Liu

Tribology International, 2023, 177, 107952
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Slippery Graphene-Bridging Liquid Metal Layered Heterostructure Nanocomposite for Stable High-Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

Yue Sun, Xiao Han, Pu Guo, Ziyuan Chai, Jingyi Yue, Yunting Su, Shengda Tan, Xu Sun, Lei Jiang and Liping Heng

ACS Nano, 2023, 17, 12616
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Liquid metal (LM) and its composites in thermal management

Shuo Wang, Xiangyu Zhao, Jie Luo, Lulu Zhuang and Deqiu Zou

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2022, 163, 107216
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