Lignin polymerization: towards high-performance materials

Li Yan, Alberto J. Huertas-Alonso, Hai Liu, Lin Dai, Chuanling Si and Mika H. Sipponen

Chem. Soc. Rev., 2025, 54, 6634
DOI: 10.1039/D4CS01044B

A review on green and sustainable carbon anodes for lithium ion batteries: utilization of green carbon resources and recycling waste graphite

Fenqiang Luo, Taiyu Lyu, Dechao Wang and Zhifeng Zheng

Green Chem., 2023, 25, 8950
DOI: 10.1039/D3GC03078D

Highly conductive and porous lignin-derived carbon fibers

Guosheng Jia, Yan Yu, Xuefen Wang, Chao Jia, Zexu Hu, Senlong Yu, Hengxue Xiang and Meifang Zhu

Mater. Horiz., 2023, 10, 5847
DOI: 10.1039/D3MH01027A

Depolymerized lignin as an enabler for superior lignin–acrylonitrile copolymers for sustainable wet-spun fibers

Talita Nascimento, Marta Ramos-Andrés, Marta C. Lourenço and Ana C. Marques

Green Chem., 2026, 28, 8158
DOI: 10.1039/D6GC01695B

A guide to lignin valorization in biorefineries: traditional, recent, and forthcoming approaches to convert raw lignocellulose into valuable materials and chemicals

Filippo Brienza, David Cannella, Diego Montesdeoca, Iwona Cybulska and Damien P. Debecker

RSC Sustainability, 2024, 2, 37
DOI: 10.1039/D3SU00140G

Hot-drawing ionic liquid-spun lignin–poly(vinyl alcohol) fibres increases strength and polymer alignment

Enny Tran, Joanne Pui Fai Ng, Lucie Diéval, Stéphan Rouzière, Pascale Launois, Milo S. P. Shaffer and Agnieszka Brandt-Talbot

Faraday Discuss., 2026, 263, 426
DOI: 10.1039/D5FD00099H

In situ growth of lignin-based graphene-like films catalyzed by metal substrates

Shuangxin Wang, Ying Yuan, Tong-Qi Yuan and Xiluan Wang

Green Chem., 2023, 25, 4013
DOI: 10.1039/D3GC00744H

Nano-sulfur confined in a 3D carbon nanotube/graphene network as a free-standing cathode for high-performance Li–S batteries

Meng Wei, Huiqin Zhu, Pengfei Zhai, Longkun An, Hengyi Geng, Song Xu and Tao Zhang

Nanoscale Adv., 2022, 4, 4809
DOI: 10.1039/D2NA00494A

Recent advances in lignin-based carbon materials and their applications: A review

Manzhao Yao, Xiaoyun Bi, Zuhao Wang, Peng Yu, Alain Dufresne and Can Jiang

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2022, 223, 980
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.070

Lignin-based controlled release fertilizers: A review

Aown Abbas, Zheng Wang, Yiru Zhang, Pai Peng and Diao She

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2022, 222, 1801
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.265

High Lignin Content Polymer Filaments as Carbon Fibre Precursors

Rui Ribeiro, Miguel Guerreiro, Renato Reis, Joana T. Martins, Jorge M. Vieira, Mariana Martins da Silva, José A. Covas and Maria C. Paiva

JRM, 2025, 13, 1859
DOI: 10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0071

Advances in developing cost-effective carbon fibers by coupling multiscale modeling and experiments: A critical review

Jiadeng Zhu, Zan Gao, Qian Mao, Yawei Gao, Ya Li, Xin Zhang, Qiang Gao, Mengjin Jiang, Sungho Lee and Adri C.T. van Duin

Progress in Materials Science, 2024, 146, 101329
DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2024.101329

High-quality renewable carbon fiber produced from melt-spun softwood kraft lignin using short stabilization time and ultra-low carbonization temperature

Abdulrahman A.B.A. Mohammed, Isabel Coffman and Xianglan Bai

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025, 322, 146670
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.146670

Chemical composition profiling of Oldeania alpina culm layers across developmental ages

Addisu Tamir Wassie, Mesfin Getachew Tadesse, Aselefech Sorsa Wotango, Rakesh Kumar Bachheti and Ibrahim Nasser Ahmed

Sci Rep, 2025, 16
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-33766-1

Development of high stiffness carbon fibres from lignin

Mark Vaughan, Anne Beaucamp and Maurice N. Collins

Composites Part B: Engineering, 2025, 292, 112024
DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.112024

Recent Advances in Preparation and Supercapacitor Applications of Lignin-Derived Porous Carbon: A Review

Hae Woong Park, Hyo-Jun Ahn and Kwang Chul Roh

J. Electrochem. Sci. Technol, 2024, 15, 111
DOI: 10.33961/jecst.2023.00892

Carbon Fiber Film with Multi‐Hollow Channels to Expedite Oxygen Electrocatalytic Reaction Kinetics for Flexible Zn–Air Battery

Tingzhen Li, Yijun Liu, Yongfa Huang, Lei Zhang, Zehong Chen, Wu Yang, Ge Shi, Jiawei Zhou, Ren Zou, Jianyun Gan, Linxin Zhong and Xinwen Peng

Small, 2024, 20
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311675

Advances in Flame Retardant Technologies for Epoxy Resins: Chemical Grafting onto Carbon Fiber Techniques, Reactive Agents, and Applications in Composite Materials

Omar Dagdag and Hansang Kim

Molecules, 2024, 29, 5996
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29245996

Facile construction of lignin-based network composite hydrogel for efficient adsorption of methylene blue from wastewater

Shao-Fei Sun, He-Fei Wan, Xin Zhao, Ce Gao, Ling-Ping Xiao and Run-Cang Sun

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 253, 126688
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126688

Designed synthesis of multifunctional lignin-based adsorbent for efficient heavy metal ions removal and electromagnetic wave absorption

Boyu Du, Lanfang Chai, Qian Zheng, Ying Liu, Xing Wang, Xiaohong Chen, Shangru Zhai, Jinghui Zhou and Run-Cang Sun

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 234, 123668
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123668

Green and sustainable production of high-purity lignin microparticles with well-preserved substructure and enhanced anti-UV/oxidant activity using peroxide-promoted alkaline deep eutectic solvent

Shao-Chao Sun, Shao-Fei Sun, Ying Xu, Jia-Long Wen and Tong-Qi Yuan

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 253, 127057
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127057

Electrically conducting films prepared from graphite and lignin in pure water

Asami Suzuki, Yuichiro Otsuka and Kazuhiro Shikinaka

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 2022, 10
DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1049123

Recent progress of carbon-fiber-based electrode materials for energy storage

Zhiyong Qiao, Keyu Bian, Changming Ding and Yitao Zhao

Diamond and Related Materials, 2023, 138, 110208
DOI: 10.1016/j.diamond.2023.110208

Lignin Modification for Enhanced Performance of Polymer Composites

Muhammad Abu Taher, Xiaolin Wang, K. M. Faridul Hasan, Mohammad Raza Miah, Jin Zhu and Jing Chen

ACS Appl. Bio Mater., 2023, 6, 5169
DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00783

Lignin from oil palm biomass using deep eutectic solvent as carbon fibre precursor

Afiqah Liana Sazali, Siti Khadijah Amran, Mohd Razealy Anuar, Khairul Faizal Pa’ee and Tau-Len Kelly Yong

Biomass Conv. Bioref., 2024, 14, 29451
DOI: 10.1007/s13399-023-04624-9

Polymers as Aerospace Structural Components: How to Reach Sustainability?

William E. Dyer and Baris Kumru

Macro Chemistry & Physics, 2023, 224
DOI: 10.1002/macp.202300186

Advanced anode design with PAN-lignin fiber and B, P-co-doped graphitic carbon nitride composites for sustainable lithium-ion battery applications

Ismail O Koklu, Nihan Aydemir, Osman Eksik, Elanur Kalkan, Refik Arat, Korhan Şahin, Sibel Yazar and Melih Besir Arvas

Mater. Res. Express, 2025, 12, 115015
DOI: 10.1088/2053-1591/ae223e

Understanding the catalytic mechanism of calcium compounds for enhancing crystallinity in carbon fiber

Sora Lee, Junyoung Choi, Yong Sik Chung, Jiwoong Kim, Sookyoung Moon and Sungho Lee

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 479, 147728
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.147728

Application of Lignin-Derived Carbon Materials in Adsorption and Separation

Xiaorui Dong, Yunlei Zhang, Shouyan Shao, Hao Li and Xingchen Yan

Separations, 2025, 12, 88
DOI: 10.3390/separations12040088

Green and efficient fractionation of bamboo biomass via synergistic hydrothermal-alkaline deep eutectic solvents pretreatment: Valorization of carbohydrates

Shao-Chao Sun, Ying Xu, Cheng-Ye Ma, Chen Zhang, Cheng Zuo, Dan Sun, Jia-Long Wen and Tong-Qi Yuan

Renewable Energy, 2023, 217, 119175
DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2023.119175

Highly flexible, SnO2/BiOBr core-shell heterostructured lignin-based carbon nanofibrous membrane driven by LED light for pollutant degradation

Bohan Liu, Jiayue Chen, Zhou Zhou, Wanli Cheng, Qinglin Wu and Yiying Yue

Journal of Membrane Science, 2025, 736, 124671
DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2025.124671

Interlinking Lignin Molecules with Citric Acid: The Effect of Reaction Conditions on Lignin Properties

Oreoluwa Rebecca Agede and Mark C. Thies

ChemSusChem, 2025, 18
DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202500311

Preparation and characterization of bifunctional wolfsbane-like magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles-decorated lignin-based carbon nanofibers composites for electromagnetic wave absorption and electrochemical energy storage

Boyu Du, Xiaojuan Shi, Hongwei Zhu, Jingyu Xu, Yating Bai, Qingyu Wang, Xing Wang and Jinghui Zhou

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 246, 125574
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125574

Effect of Iron Chloride Addition on Softwood Lignin Nano-Fiber Stabilization and Carbonization

Maxime Parot, Denis Rodrigue and Tatjana Stevanovic

Polymers, 2024, 16, 814
DOI: 10.3390/polym16060814

Electrospun Carbon Fibers from Green Solvent-Fractionated Kraft Lignin

Marta Goliszek-Chabros and Omid Hosseinaei

Fibers, 2025, 13, 162
DOI: 10.3390/fib13120162

Research Trends in the Recovery of By-Products from Organic Waste Treated by Anaerobic Digestion: A 30-Year Bibliometric Analysis

Pablo Castillo García, María José Fernández-Rodríguez, Rafael Borja, Juan Manuel Mancilla-Leytón and David de la Lama-Calvente

Fermentation, 2024, 10, 446
DOI: 10.3390/fermentation10090446

Microstructural optimization of lignin‐based carbon fiber: Effects of purification and high‐temperature heat treatment

Zhiwei Huang, Guosheng Jia, Meng Yuan, Ruyu Li, Senlong Yu, Zexu Hu, Hengxue Xiang and Meifang Zhu

Polymer Engineering & Sci, 2025, 65, 239
DOI: 10.1002/pen.27005

Altering Poplar Cell-Wall Recalcitrance and Accessibility by Regulating the Expression of Caffeoyl Shikimate Esterase for Biorefinery Applications

Ling-Hua Xu, Ming Zeng, Ya-Yu Guo, Yun-Jun Zhao, Cheng-Ye Ma, Chen Zhang, Jia-Long Wen, Yuan-Yuan Zhao and Tong-Qi Yuan

J. Agric. Food Chem., 2026, 74, 15621
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c14641

Construction of amphoteric hydrogel electrolytes with charge modification: An investigation of ion migration mechanism and antibacterial property

Shao-Fei Sun, Xiao-Ya Zhao, Ce Gao, Ling-Ping Xiao and Run-Cang Sun

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 495, 153781
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.153781

Reaction progress and microstructural evolution of 48 K large-tow PAN-based carbon fibers during the industrial continuous pre-oxidation and carbonization stage

Min Li, Hamza Malik, Jian He, Zhenyu Jiang, Xin Lei, Tianhao Liang, Hui Zhang, Yong Liu and Jianyong Yu

Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2026, 194, 107543
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2025.107543

A comprehensive framework for evaluating lignin hydrothermal carbonization: Rigorous process design, life cycle assessment, and techno-economic analysis

Zi-Cheng Su, Yi-Ming Chen and Bor-Yih Yu

Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2026, 208, 108442
DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2026.108442

Lignin-based carbon fibers and nano-fibers enable the conversion of biomass waste into sustainable new materials: A review

Zhanpeng Jiang, Shutong Zu, Jingyi He, Chuanpeng Li and Jiuyin Pang

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2025, 13, 118886
DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2025.118886

Fabrication of dealkalized-lignin/polyacrylonitrile based carbon fiber via dry-jet wet spinning process

Zhihan Wang, Quan Gao, Yongfa Zhou, Yunxiang Xu, Tianxiang Hong and Longjiang Shu

Polymer, 2025, 340, 129266
DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129266

Carbothermally Synthesizing Carbon Nanostructures from Biomass: A New Paradigm for Sustainable Carbon Materials Production

Wu-Jun Liu and Han-Qing Yu

Environ. Sci. Technol., 2025, 59, 24212
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5c08267

Methane pyrolysis-enabled production of high-value carbon fibres

Tangyuan Li, Canhui Wang, Cliff A. Wood, Kaizhu Zeng, Qi Dong, Matthew Gonzalez, Bodiuzzaman Jony, Sichao Cheng, Xinpeng Zhao, Alexandra H. Brozena, Kishor Gupta, Pedro J. Arias-Monje, Xin Zhang, Keenan J. Mintz, Han Zong, Shen Wang, Xizheng Wang, Hongmei Gu, Dongxia Liu, Ping Liu, Satish Kumar, Chao Wang and Liangbing Hu

Nat Sustain, 2026
DOI: 10.1038/s41893-026-01815-w

Efficient pretreatment of passion fruit husks using choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents

Xiao-Ping Zheng, Meng Li, Yu Chai, Ya-Peng Du, Yu-Cang Zhang and Yan-Zhen Zheng

Materials Today Sustainability, 2024, 28, 101037
DOI: 10.1016/j.mtsust.2024.101037

Unleashing the power of aminated phenolic lignin in strengthening gel-spun high-performance polyacrylonitrile fibers for next-generation UV-resistant textiles

Wen Xie, Canhui Lin, Kexin Li, Jieyu Xiong, Kaiqiang Lei and Chunhong Lu

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025, 311, 143748
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.143748

Acetylated lignin from oil palm empty fruit bunches and its electrospun nanofibres with PVA: Potential carbon fibre precursor

Mahyuni Harahap, Yurika Almanda Perangin-Angin, Vivi Purwandari, Ronn Goei, Alfred ling Yoong Tok and Saharman Gea

Heliyon, 2023, 9, e14556
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14556

Construction of lysine-functionalized flexible porous carbon nanofiber membrane for high-efficiency formaldehyde adsorption

Yameng Xiao, Hualei Liu, Chen Sun, Xinran Han, Roman A. Surmenev, Xia Yin, Yi-Tao Liu, Jianyong Yu and Bin Ding

The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2026, 117, 432
DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2025.2509334

Carbon fibers from bitumen-derived asphaltenes: Strategies for optimizing melt spinnability and improving mechanical properties

Muzaffer A. Karaaslan, Declan Gunning, Zhixin Huang, Frank Ko, Scott Renneckar and Yasmine Abdin

Carbon, 2024, 228, 119300
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2024.119300

Lignin/Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) Multifilament Fibers Dry‐Spun from Water as Carbon Fiber Precursors

Philipp Kreis, Erik Frank, Bernd Clauß, Volker Bauch, Heiko Stolpmann, Lisa Kuske, Tanja Schneck, Simon König and Michael R. Buchmeiser

Macro Materials & Eng, 2024, 309
DOI: 10.1002/mame.202300296

Lignin-based carbon fibers: Insight into structural evolution from lignin pretreatment, fiber forming, to pre-oxidation and carbonization

Guosheng Jia, Mugaanire Tendo Innocent, Yan Yu, Zexu Hu, Xuefen Wang, Hengxue Xiang and Meifang Zhu

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 226, 646
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.053

Fabrication of Graphitized Carbon Fibers from Fusible Lignin and Their Application in Supercapacitors

Linfei Zhou, Xiangyu You, Lingjie Wang, Shijie Qi, Ruichen Wang, Yasumitsu Uraki and Huijie Zhang

Polymers, 2023, 15, 1947
DOI: 10.3390/polym15081947

A novel modified lignin-based adsorbent for removal of malachite green and Pb2+ ions from wastewater

Boyu Du, Yumeng Wang, Qian Zheng, Xing Wang, Xiaohong Chen, Jinghui Zhou, Guihua Yang and Run-Cang Sun

Separation and Purification Technology, 2024, 330, 125495
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.125495

Complete valorization of bamboo biomass into multifunctional nanomaterials by reactive deep eutectic solvent pretreatment: Towards a waste-free biorefinery

Ying Xu, Shao-Chao Sun, Chen Zhang, Cheng-Ye Ma, Jia-Long Wen and Tong-Qi Yuan

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 462, 142213
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.142213

Lignin‐derived carbon fibers: A green path from biomass to advanced materials

Li Yan, Hai Liu, Yanfan Yang, Lin Dai and Chuanling Si

Carbon Energy, 2025, 7
DOI: 10.1002/cey2.662

Temperature dependence of resistivity of carbon micro/nanostructures: Microscale spatial distribution with mixed metallic and semiconductive behaviors

Amin Karamati, Cheng Deng, Wangda Qu, Xianglan Bai, Shen Xu, Gyula Eres and Xinwei Wang

Journal of Applied Physics, 2023, 134
DOI: 10.1063/5.0157932

Cascade fractionation of bamboo shoot shells into high-yield xylose, easily digestible cellulose and high-quality lignin nanoparticles by tailored catalytic hydrothermal–hydrated alkaline deep eutectic solvents pretreatment

Cheng Zuo, Ying Xu, Xin-Yi Hui, Ling-Hua Xu, Jia-Long Wen and Tong-Qi Yuan

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 485, 149622
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.149622

Fabrication of demethylated lignin-based micro-particle for efficient adsorption of malachite green from aqueous solution

Boyu Du, Lanfang Chai, Yumeng Wang, Xing Wang, Xiaohong Chen, Jinghui Zhou and Run-Cang Sun

Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2023, 382, 121935
DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121935

Fractionation and evaluation of light-colored lignin extracted from bamboo shoot shells using hydrated deep eutectic solvents

Ying Xu, Cheng-Ye Ma, Shao-Chao Sun, Chen Zhang, Jia-Long Wen and Tong-Qi Yuan

Bioresource Technology, 2023, 387, 129679
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129679

Efficient separation of Eucommia ulmoides gum (EUG) and directed fabrication of reconstructed materials from Eucommia seed shell based on ingenious biphasic solvent system

Bowen He, Chen Zhang, Mingqiang Zhu, Weihua Gong, Jialong Wen and Tongqi Yuan

Industrial Crops and Products, 2024, 222, 119527
DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.119527

Carbon fibers based on corrugated staple fiber obtained from paper-grade pulp

Dmitry N. Chernenko, Igor S. Makarov, Alexander G. Smyslov, Markel I. Vinogradov, Ekaterina E. Palchikova, Natalia Yu. Beilina, Alfiya G. Fazlitdinova, Vasily A. Tyumentsev and Valery G. Kulichikhin

Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2026, 356, 132335
DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2026.132335

Efficient and environmentally friendly techniques for extracting lignin from lignocellulose biomass and subsequent uses: A review

Mohammad Mahbubul Alam, Antonio Greco, Zahra Rajabimashhadi and Carola Esposito Corcione

Cleaner Materials, 2024, 13, 100253
DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2024.100253

Pore engineering of lignin-derived carbon for supercapacitor and batteries

Zihao Xie, Francis Kwarteng, Abdul Saboor, Leilei Dai, Haowei Huang, Xiangzhou Yuan and Zhicheng Luo

Biomass and Bioenergy, 2026, 206, 108650
DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108650

Activation of peroxymonosulfate over recyclable Co3O4/rice straw lignin-based carbon fiber flexible membrane for the degradation of organic pollutants

Bowei Tang, Zihao Xiong, Tingting Tao, Ya Sun, Deng Ding, Xiaofang Li, Chunlei Wang, Juntao Yan, Ruan Chi and Linbing Sun

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 283, 137844
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.137844

Lignin‐Based Photothermal Materials: Bridging Sustainability and High‐Efficiency Energy Conversion

Zhiwen Sun, Changyou Shao, Sanwei Hao, Jifei Zhang, Wenfeng Ren, Bing Wang, Lingping Xiao, Hanhui Lei, Terence X. Liu, Zhanhui Yuan and Run‐cang Sun

Advanced Science, 2025, 12
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202501259

A comprehensive overview of the continuous torrefaction method: Operational characteristics, applications, and challenges

Arash Javanmard, Muhamad Fazly Abdul Patah, Amir Zulhelmi and Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud

Journal of the Energy Institute, 2023, 108, 101199
DOI: 10.1016/j.joei.2023.101199

Polycondensation‐Derived High‐Molecular Weight Lignin as Nonblended Precursor for Carbon Fibers

Manuel M. Clauss, Erik Frank, Volker Bauch, Lisa Kuske and Michael R. Buchmeiser

Macro Materials & Eng, 2025, 310
DOI: 10.1002/mame.202400388

Designed synthesis of demethylated-hydroxymethylated lignin-based adsorbent for removal of Cr(VI) ions from wastewater

Xiaohong Chen, Wei Li, Ao Wang, Ziyang Chang, Lei Xu, Kaili Zhang, Daliang Guo, Huifang Zhao and Lizheng Sha

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 280, 135950
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135950