Phenolic resin-derived hard carbon for sodium-ion batteries: insights and prospects

Zeyu Zhu, Jinlin Pan, Binghao Wu, Qiang Li, Weixiang Li, Jingui Duan and Ya-Xia Yin

Chem. Commun., 2026, 62, 45
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Endowing phenolic formaldehyde resin with sustainability: why and how?

Xinyao Jiang, Bing Zhu, Shahid Hussain and Maiyong Zhu

Polym. Chem., 2025, 16, 4077
DOI: 10.1039/D5PY00792E

Closed pore structure engineering from ultra-micropores with the assistance of polypropylene for boosted sodium ion storage

Xue Li, Ning Sun, Shaohong Zhang, Razium Ali Soomro and Bin Xu

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12, 12015
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Chemical regulation of carbonization enables structure-tailored hard carbon anodes from recycled polypropylene separators

Mingyue Wang, Yue Wang, Na Li, Qing Zhong, Min Zhu, Dongyang Zhang and Shujiang Ding

Chem. Sci., 2026
DOI: 10.1039/D6SC00807K

Phosphate ester bonds acted as nodes: Achieving directional construction of closed pore to elevate sodium storage capacity

Bo Wang, Sijia Zhang, Fei Yuan, Ranran Li, Qujiang Sun, Huilan Sun, Qiujun Wang, Di Zhang and Zhaojin Li

Composites Part B: Engineering, 2025, 304, 112627
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Tailoring the microstructure of hard carbon via self-crosslinking engineering for enhanced sodium storage

Linwei Li, Xinyu Liu, Yanyan Zhang, Haifeng Ke, Zhenming Jiang, Junli Long, Jianguo Fan, Honglin Yuan, Ting Zhong, Shuyu Zhou, Wenhong Zou and Yuxin Tang

Sci. China Chem., 2026
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Mildly-catalytic mediation of pseudographitic domain to boost hard carbon toward advanced sodium storage

Yueying Li, Zhidong Hou, Xiang Zhang, Yichen Du, Fei Xu, Xu Li and Jian-Gan Wang

Carbon, 2025, 234, 120022
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Improving the initial Coulombic efficiency of phenolic resin-derived hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries by pore-forming

Jingjing Chen, Yuqi Liu, Jie Di, Pengcheng Mao, Jie Liu, Wenbin Hu and Cheng Zhong

Sci. China Mater., 2025, 68, 3258
DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3394-6

Recent progress of advanced coal-based carbon anode for sodium-ion batteries

Hongxiang Yin, He Chen, Ning Sun, Xuyang Jian, Anwen Chen, Ben Guo, Lei Ji, Zhen Yang, Yang Liu and Bin Xu

Chinese Chemical Letters, 2025, 111590
DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2025.111590

Overview of coals as carbon anode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Junli Kong, Zhijiang Su, Chunwei Dong, Quanbin Chen and Guanghong Pan

Clean Energy, 2024, 8, 197
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Oxidative-driven microstructure regulation of starch-derived hard carbon for efficient Na-ion storage

Shaohong Zhang, Ning Sun, Xuyang Jian, Razium Ali Soomro, Chengtao Gao, Shanshan Luo and Bin Xu

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 519, 165355
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.165355

Structural regulation and sodium storage performance of self-assembled phenolic resin derived hard carbon composite material

Jingyue Wang, Xinyu Li, Xinqiang Zhao, Yuelong Xu and Tifeng Jiao

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2026, 729, 138924
DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138924

Structural engineering of hard carbon through spark plasma sintering for enhanced sodium‐ion storage

Hao‐Ming Xiao, Heng Zheng, Ping Yuan, Jun‐Hui Luo, Lin‐Lin Shen, Jie‐Feng Tan, Xian‐You Luo, De Li and Yong Chen

Rare Metals, 2024, 43, 4274
DOI: 10.1007/s12598-024-02716-7

Reducing defects in hard carbon graphite domain: Employing a fully dynamic bonding with a multi-crosslinked biomass-based binder for enhanced sodium ion storage

Jiaqi Jiao, Han Lu, Conghua Yi, Dongjie Yang, Xuezhi Zeng, Jinxin Lin and Hongqiang Li

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 500, 156878
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.156878

Substitution Index‐Prediction Rules for Low‐Potential Plateau of Hard Carbon Anodes in Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Yunfei Xue, Yaxin Chen, Yazhan Liang, Liluo Shi, Rui Ma, Xia Qiu, Ying Li, Nannan Guo, Quanchao Zhuang, Baojuan Xi, Zhicheng Ju and Shenglin Xiong

Advanced Materials, 2025, 37
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202417886

Recent Progress in Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Jiarui Wang, Lei Xi, Chenxi Peng, Xin Song, Xuanhong Wan, Luyi Sun, Meinan Liu and Jun Liu

Adv Eng Mater, 2024, 26
DOI: 10.1002/adem.202302063

A Cross-Linking Strategy To Regulate the Surface Defects and Pore Structures of Lignin-Derived Hard Carbon as High-Performance Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Yizhuang Fang, Menglu Lu, Hanxin Qian, Jiayuan Xiang, Fangfang Tu, Yuanyuan Jiang, Yongping Gan, Xinping He, Hui Huang, Xinhui Xia, Yang Xia, Wenkui Zhang and Jun Zhang

ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2025, 8, 8320
DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.5c00828

Tailoring closed pore structure in phenolic resin derived hard carbon enables excellent sodium ion storage

Bo Wang, Sijia Zhang, Xiaomeng Jia, Fei Yuan, Huilan Sun, Zhaojin Li, Qujiang Sun, Qiujun Wang and Di Zhang

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 499, 156126
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.156126

Precise Control of the Graphitic Microcrystal Morphology and Pore Structure in Carbon Nanocoils for Highly‐Efficient Sodium Storage

Guanyu Li, Yingqi Wang, Xueqing Zuo, Dongyang Ji, Rong Han, Zeng Fan, Huolin Huang and Lujun Pan

Adv Funct Materials, 2026, 36
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202526932

Steric Hindrance Engineering to Modulate the Closed Pores Formation of Polymer‐Derived Hard Carbon for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Jianhao Lin, Qingfeng Zhou, Zhishan Liao, Yunhua Chen, Yike Liu, Qiang Liu and Xunhui Xiong

Angewandte Chemie, 2024, 136
DOI: 10.1002/ange.202409906

Microstructure and electrochemical behavior investigation of carbon fiber hard carbons derived from different precursors for sodium-ion batteries

Lijuan Cao, Xiaoxuan Lu, Yu Yang and Yun Zhao

Materials Letters, 2026, 403, 139422
DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2025.139422

Ultramicropore-rich hard carbon from long-flame coal based on air-oxidization coupled with KOH activation for high-performance sodium-ion battery anode

Yu Li, Weiwei Kang, Guangxu Huang, Shanxiong Zeng, Yating Pang, Jianbo Jia, Baolin Xing, Chuanxiang Zhang and Han Hu

Journal of Energy Storage, 2026, 146, 120156
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.120156

Steric Hindrance Engineering to Modulate the Closed Pores Formation of Polymer‐Derived Hard Carbon for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Jianhao Lin, Qingfeng Zhou, Zhishan Liao, Yunhua Chen, Yike Liu, Qiang Liu and Xunhui Xiong

Angew Chem Int Ed, 2024, 63
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409906

Comprehensive Understanding of Closed Pores in Hard Carbon Anode for High-Energy Sodium-Ion Batteries

Siyang Gan, Yujie Huang, Ningyun Hong, Yinghao Zhang, Bo Xiong, Zhi Zheng, Zidong He, Shengrui Gao, Wentao Deng, Guoqiang Zou, Hongshuai Hou and Xiaobo Ji

Nano-Micro Lett., 2025, 17
DOI: 10.1007/s40820-025-01833-x

Spatial configuration engineering of phenolic resins to tune the closed pores of hard carbon for enhanced plateau-capacity sodium storage

Liewen Guo, Chuang Qiu, Haiyan Liu, Renlu Yuan, Xiaotian Li, Xin Li, Kairan Li, Wanxiong Zhu, Mohammad Tabish, Xuewei Liu, Ang Li, Xiaohong Chen and Huaihe Song

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 512, 162478
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.162478

Engineered microstructure design of petroleum asphalt-derived hard carbon via dual chemical modification: process optimization for advanced sodium-ion battery anodes

Yulong Li, Yin Yang, Haonan Fang, Chen Zhang, Ting Xiao, Zhuang Ma, Qi Zhang, Chuanlei Qi, Shengping Li and Xinlong Ma

Chemical Engineering Science, 2025, 318, 122143
DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2025.122143

Review of Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Mechanisms, Precursors, and Modification Strategies

Weiwei Liu, Xueni Tian, Ya Ming, Pan Shi and Xihong He

Energy Tech, 2025, 13
DOI: 10.1002/ente.202500173

The latest research progress on closed pore hard carbon for sodium-ion batteries

Tingting Zhao, Lixiang Yan, Liubin Song, Ao Li, Yiyu Xiong, Yu Tian, Zhongliang Xiao and Yinjie Kuang

Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 102, 114209
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2024.114209

Regulating lignin aggregation structure to construct high-performance hard carbon anodes for Sodium-Ion batteries

Guoli Ma, Dongjie Yang, Wenbin Jian, Xuefeng Yu, Lei Zhong, Wenli Zhang and Xueqing Qiu

Chemical Engineering Science, 2026, 321, 122817
DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2025.122817

Selecting the molecular components of a pitch to produce a hard carbon anode with a high sodium storage capacity

Peixiang Wang, Bin Wang, Yuqi Li, Wanli Wang, Yi Sun, Longsen Song, Chenhao Liu, Iamprasertkun P., Han Hu and Mingbo Wu

New Carbon Materials, 2026, 41, 142
DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60971-1

Closed pore engineering of activated carbon enabled by waste mask for superior sodium storage

Shaohong Zhang, Ning Sun, Xue Li, Razium Ali Soomro and Bin Xu

Energy Storage Materials, 2024, 66, 103183
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103183

Recent progress on hard carbon-based anode for sodium-ion battery

Lantao Liu, Qian Xu, Songhe Yin, Zishuai Liu, Yongfeng Li and Weiwei Pang

Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 615, 235116
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235116

Phenolic Resin Derived Hard Carbon Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review

Shaikat Chandra Dey, Brian Worfolk, Lillian Lower, William Joe Sagues, Mark R. Nimlos, Stephen S. Kelley and Sunkyu Park

ACS Energy Lett., 2024, 9, 2590
DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.4c00688

Interlayer-expanded carbon anodes with exceptional rates and long-term cycling via kinetically decoupled carbonization

Zhiheng Cheng, Hao Zhang, Junfeng Cui, Jiale Zhao, Shuai Dai, Zhaoxin Zhang, Kecheng Song, Siyu Wang, Yakun Yuan, Qinlong Chen, Xueqian Kong, Long Qie, Lixia Yuan, Haiping Yang, Shuze Zhu, Yongjin Fang, Yunhui Huang and Yonggang Yao

Joule, 2025, 9, 101812
DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2024.101812

Programming closed pores in hard carbon: from molecular topology to chemomechanical carbonization

Xinyu Liu, Jianlong Wang, Binbin Zhang, Guoli Zhang, Kaixi Li and Taotao Guan

Energy Storage Materials, 2026, 88, 105073
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2026.105073

Preoxidation Achieves Bond Energy Conversion to Regulate the Microstructure of Phenolic Resin-Derived Hard Carbon for Efficient Sodium Storage

Ruibang Xie, Min Huang, Chenming Feng, Zongyun Shao, Xing Cheng and Fei Han

ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2025, 8, 17404
DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.5c02822

Hard carbon anode for lithium-, sodium-, and potassium-ion batteries: Advancement and future perspective

Sreehari K. Saju, Shreyasi Chattopadhyay, Jianan Xu, Salma Alhashim, Atin Pramanik and Pulickel M. Ajayan

Cell Reports Physical Science, 2024, 5, 101851
DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.101851

Crosslinking modification of starch improves the structural stability of hard carbon anodes for high-capacity sodium storage

Yangkai Sun, Tianchi Shen, Zijian He and Shurong Wang

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2025, 678, 1142
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.09.191

From graphite to hard carbon: multifaceted sodium storage reactions and future perspectives of carbon anode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Hong Qin, Shuang Wang, Huaiyu Zhou, Shuo Pan, Da Cui, Qing Wang, Chunxia Jia, Lidong Zhang and Jingru Bai

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2025, 993, 119270
DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2025.119270

Molecular Engineering to Regulate the Pseudo‐Graphitic Structure of Hard Carbon for Superior Sodium Energy Storage

Xiang Zhang, Zhidong Hou, Mingwei Jiang, Jiahui Peng, Honghao Ma, Yuyang Gao and Jian‐Gan Wang

Small, 2024, 20
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311778

Engineering of resin-based hard carbon with interconnected nanoparticles for enhanced sodium ion transport capability

Jia-Hang Li, Cheng-Qiu Deng, Chen Sun and Qiang Sun

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2026, 155, 468
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2025.07.059

Recent progress in hard carbon anode materials for sodium-ion batteries: A systematic literature network analysis

Ziqiang Yang, Chuanxiang Zhang, Fenghai Li, Baolin Xing, Yaojie Zhang, Xiaoxiao Qu, Jia Yu and Lang Xu

Journal of Energy Storage, 2026, 145, 119901
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.119901

Design of cross-linked hard carbon with high initial coulombic efficiency for sodium-ion batteries anode

Xue Li, Yating Zhang, Keke Li, Yanping Hu, Youyu Zhu, Yicheng Wang and Yuan Liu

Chemical Physics Letters, 2024, 856, 141651
DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2024.141651

Regulating open pores to engineer closed pores in ZIF-8-derived hard carbon for high-plateau-capacity sodium-ion batteries

Haiqiang Ma, Bo Yin, Tong Ye, Ishioma Laurene Egun, Yafei Li, Xianglan Zhang and Haiyong He

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2026, 702, 139042
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2025.139042

A new strategy to prepare MLG-SiCw/SiCp composites via three-roll milling exfoliation and catalytical-conversion for advanced refractories

Yang Xia, Lingyu Liu, Juntong Huang, Fangqiang Wang, Jiayao Bao, Zhi Chen, Jinbiao Qiu, Huiyong Yang and Ruiying Luo

Ceramics International, 2024, 50, 49853
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.09.329