Issue 8, 2023

Developmental toxicity of the emerging contaminant cyclophosphamide and the integrated biomarker response (IBRv2) in zebrafish

Abstract

The safety of cyclophosphamide (CP) in the early developmental stages is not studied yet; it is important to study the responses at these stages because they might have relevance to CP-administered humans. We studied the developmental toxicity of CP by analysing physiological, morphological, and oxidative stress, neurotransmission enzymes, gene expression and histological endpoints in zebrafish embryos/larvae. The study lasted for 120 hpf at environmentally relevant concentrations of CP. No visible alterations were noticed in the control group. Delayed hatching, slow heart rate, yolk sac oedema, pericardial oedema, morphological deformities, the incompetence of oxidative stress biomarkers, excessive generation of ROS, apoptosis, inhibition of neurotransmitters and histopathological anomalies were observed in CP-treated groups. These alterations were found to be concentration- and duration-dependent effects for physiological and morphological endpoints, whereas concentration-dependent effects were antioxidants, ROS, apoptosis and histological endpoints. Biomarkers and gene expression were standardised using the integrated biomarker response-IBRv2 index. The IBRv2 index showed a concentration-dependent behaviour. A non-lethal developmental and teratogenic effect was observed in CP-treated zebrafish embryos/larvae at the studied concentrations. The studied biomarkers are sensitive, and the responses are interrelated; thus, their responses are useful to assess veiled and unseen hazards of pharmaceuticals.

Graphical abstract: Developmental toxicity of the emerging contaminant cyclophosphamide and the integrated biomarker response (IBRv2) in zebrafish

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
03 מאי 2023
Accepted
07 יול 2023
First published
12 יול 2023

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2023,25, 1391-1406

Developmental toxicity of the emerging contaminant cyclophosphamide and the integrated biomarker response (IBRv2) in zebrafish

T. Hema, R. Poopal, M. Ramesh, Z. Ren and B. Li, Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2023, 25, 1391 DOI: 10.1039/D3EM00186E

To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page.

If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.

If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page.

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content.

Social activity

Spotlight

Advertisements