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Unveiling the potential of lignin-derived hard carbon as an anode material for Li- and post-Li-ion batteries: a computational investigation

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Interfacial chemistry regulation by orbital hybridization for superior kinetics of hard carbon in an ester-based electrolyte

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Stepwise crosslinking–activation to create a closed pore structure of hard carbon for boosted sodium energy

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Molecular-level precursor engineering enables high utilization of closed nanopores in hard carbon for sodium-ion batteries

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Boosting sodium storage in needle coke-derived hard carbon anode via mild ammonium persulfate activation

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Fluorine doping of biomass-derived hard carbon for boosted sodium-ion storage

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Phenolic resin-derived hard carbon for sodium-ion batteries: insights and prospects

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In situ preparation of pseudo-graphite domains in hard carbon via molecular engineering towards high-performance Na-ion batteries

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Interfacial engineering principles for hard carbon anodes in sodium-ion batteries: from mechanisms to synergistic strategies

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Phosphorus-induced defect engineering in hard carbon for high-initial coulombic efficiency and fast-charging sodium-ion storage

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Precision structural modulation and sodium cluster operando presodiation for high-performance hard carbon anode with fast kinetics in sodium-ion batteries

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Single-atom incorporated hard carbon for atomic interface engineering of sodium-ion batteries

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Uncovering the inherent link between pseudo-graphite structure and closed-pore formation in hard carbon

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Tuning the disordered microdomains in hard carbon via nitrogen doping for high-performance sodium storage

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Wide-temperature Lithium-ion batteries: Material innovations and design strategies for overcoming electrochemical challenges in extreme environments

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Neutron Scattering in Sodium‐Ion Battery Research: Progress and Prospects

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Advanced Energy Materials, 2026
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Cation/Anion Cointerference Strategy: Boosting the Na-Storage Performance of a Pitch-Derived Carbon Anode

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Molecular Descriptor‐Directed Microstructural Regulation of Asphalt‐Derived Hard Carbons for Advanced Sodium‐Ion Batteries

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Overcoming Hydrated Zn2+ Diffusion Barriers via Molecular Intercalation Activation of Ramie Fiber-Derived Flexible Zinc-Ion Hybrid Capacitors with High Energy Density

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Precarbonization Facilitated Closed Pores Formation and Surface Graphitization on Bamboo-Derived Hard Carbon to Improve Sodium Storage Performance

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Materials, 2026, 19, 1538
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Balancing defect chemistry and closed pores for enhanced dual-region sodium storage in hard carbon anodes

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Optimizing the Performance of Sodium‐Ion Battery through Suppressing ZnS Anode Alloy Reaction

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ChemSusChem, 2025, 18
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Electronic Synergy of Atom Sites and Adjacent Defects for High‐Voltage Sodium‐Ion and Zinc‐Air Batteries

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Unlocking Interlayer Confinement Enables All-Slope Hard Carbon with Ultrafast and Highly Reversible Sodium Storage

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ACS Nano, 2025, 19, 38735
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Harnessing Thermodynamic Decoupling in Ion Intercalation Chemistry to Unlock Unprecedented Energy Storage

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Advanced Energy Materials, 2026, 16
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Salt Template Tuning Microstructure of Hard Carbon Anodes with Extended Plateau Capacity

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Energy Fuels, 2025
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Ultrathin Al2O3‐Coated Biomass Carbon for Sodium‐Ion Batteries via a Synergistic Storage Mechanism

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Thermodynamic Feedback Mechanisms for Mitigating Polarization in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

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A millimeter thick bamboo derived carbon electrode with ultrahigh capacitance for supercapacitor

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High‐Compaction Spherical Carbon with Tunable Rich Pore Structures for Efficient Sodium Storage

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Advanced Materials, 2026, 38
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Uniformly confined heteroatoms in mesoporous carbon engineered by organic-inorganic hybrid template for ultrafast-charging sodium-ion batteries

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Carbon, 2026, 249, 121258
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Atomistic Mechanism in Sodium-Ion Storage Revealed by Experiment and Simulation

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J. Phys. Chem. C, 2026, 130, 4053
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Precursor engineering through enzyme-mediated crosslinking for high-performance hard carbon anodes in sodium-ion batteries

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Quantitative relationship study between pore structure and supercapacitive performance for porous carbon from lignite

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Diamond and Related Materials, 2026, 164, 113531
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Constructing three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon via a green foaming and stepwise carbonization strategy

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Chemical Engineering Science, 2026, 124204
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The Solid Electrolyte Interphase Engineering for Enhanced Cycling Stability in Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Strategies, Mechanistic Insights, and Performance Optimization

Qingjie Li, Dong Wei, Yixin Liu, Shoujun Liu, Pengtao Wang, Yadong Bai and Song Yang

Batteries & Supercaps, 2026, 9
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Decoding Hard Carbon Microstructure for Fast‐Charging Lithium‐Ion Batteries

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Adv Funct Materials, 2026, 36
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Free-Standing Soft Carbon Fibers with High Orientation for Na+ Storage to Achieve High Volumetric Capacity

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Ultra-high mass loading dry electrodes with uncompromised energy density for next-generation supercapacitors

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Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 535, 175236
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Thermodynamic Feedback Mechanisms for Mitigating Polarization in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

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A Dual‐Phase Pore Engineering Strategy to Enhance Low‐Voltage Plateau Capacity of Hard Carbon for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

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Carbon Energy, 2025, 7
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Synergistic Dual‐Engineering of Hard Carbons via Graphene Oxide Nanosheets: Enabling Ultrahigh ICE Sodium‐Ion Batteries through Edge Passivation and Catalytic SEI Design

Gang Huang, Jie Hu, Zhikang Wang, Fan Gao, Yuhan Zhou, Shihui Fu, Yuru Wang, Zhoutai Shang, Caiqin Gao, Longbo Luo, Yuan Chen and Yanqing Wang

Adv Funct Materials, 2026, 36
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Hard Carbon for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: From Fundamental Research to Practical Applications

Bingying Pei, Haiqing Yu, Lei Zhang, Guozhao Fang, Jiang Zhou, Xinxin Cao and Shuquan Liang

Advanced Materials, 2025, 37
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Deciphering the Role of Oxygen‐Containing Functional Groups in Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Yufei He, Da Liu, Zeyu Zhu, Qinyu Li, Shengnan He, Yuanguang Xia, Wen Yin, Zhijun Wu, Xusheng Zheng, Hongge Pan and Renbing Wu

Adv Funct Materials, 2026, 36
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Biomimetic Double‐Layered Carbon Nanofibers with Optimal Pore Size for Efficient Zinc‐Ion Storage

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Small Methods, 2025, 9
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Optimizing the electrochemical performance of 3D networked high-entropy layered double hydroxide/MXene heterojunctions via band gap engineering for constructing high-energy-density supercapacitors

Ziyang Zhu, Nan He, Qicheng Chen, Yingjin Zhang, Bingjian Nie and Yanda Su

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2026, 1057, 186806
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Time-sequence autogenous shrinkage engineering toward hard carbon anodes with dominant closed porosity for high-performance sodium-ion batteries

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Energy Storage Materials, 2026, 88, 105107
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Recent advances of biomass-derived hard carbon as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Yan Li, Yingying Song, Jie Wu, Shanlin Li, Yan Lin, Tao Hu, Ulla Lassi, Xuewei Yang and Ruguang Ma

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Graphitic seeding strategy enables superior ICE, high capacity and rate capability in hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries

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Pyrolysis evolution from one-dimensional Mnn polymer to anode materials for high lithium/sodium energy storage

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Unlocking the Potential of MBenes in Li/Na-Ion Batteries

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Molecules, 2025, 30, 2831
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Microsized Sn-Hard Carbon Composite Anode with Capacities of 583 mAh g–1 and 1073 mAh cm–3 for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Xiang Gao, Zerui Yan, Lixin Lin, Huilong Liu, Yuting Song, Jiawei Guo, Yi Gong, Jianming Tao, Jiaxin Li, Guoqiang Zou, Yingbin Lin, Yunlong Zhao, Dong-liang Peng and Qiulong Wei

ACS Energy Lett., 2026, 11, 1916
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Single-atom-anchored hierarchically nanopores hard carbon toward high-performance sodium storage

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Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 536, 175999
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Molecular-scale crosslinking engineering enables defect-reduced hard carbon with 3D conductive network for high-performance sodium-ion batteries

Zhuo Xiong, Xingyue Yang, Mengfei Du, Weiyue Li, Liangzhi Li, Yuxin Xue, Xiurong Lan, Qiang Wang, Jianping Long, Rui Li, Jian Chen and Anjun Hu

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Transparent KNN-based ceramics for energy storage: A Review

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Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 538, 176745
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Pitch‐derived Soft and Hard Carbon Materials for Practical Sodium‐ion Batteries

Xingyu Liu, Qiqi Li, Qi Wei, Jinhao Pan, Jiashuo Wu, Su Zhang, Bin Wang, Ning Cao and Han Hu

Chemistry A European J, 2025, 31
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High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Capacitors With Kinetics‐Matched Characteristics Enabled by N/O/S‐Doped Homologous Carbon Electrodes Derived From a Single Precursor

De‐Bing Yan, Yu‐Chen Liu, Yan Meng, Dan Xiao, Jing Ying, Qian Zhao, Bin He and Mao Tang

Rare Metals, 2026, 45
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Critical Role of Potential‐Driven Charge Effects in Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium Storage

Xin Tan, Qianxiong Wen, Li Zhong, Dan Lu, Chun Wu, Xingqiao Wu, Sean C. Smith, Shulei Chou and Liangzhi Kou

Angewandte Chemie, 2025, 137
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Structural Modulation of Hard Carbons via Composition Regulation toward Efficient Sodium Storage

Shichao Wang, Anning Zhang, Zhanpeng Zhang, Minyu Jia, Jinfeng Sun, Yifei Wang, Linrui Hou and Changzhou Yuan

Advanced Sustainable Systems, 2025, 9
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Realizing Hard Carbon Anodes with Dual‐High Slope and Plateau Capacities: From Precursor Design Principle to Sodium Storage Mechanism

Jianqi Xiao, Junlin Song, Meng Li, Zhihong Lu, Masatsugu Fujishige, Kenji Takeuchi, Morinobu Endo, Xiaoxia Li, Jin Niu and Feng Wang

Adv Funct Materials, 2026, 36
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Restructuring hard carbon microstructure via mechanical-physical activation and thermodynamic driving force synergy to enhance sodium storage performance

KaiBo Zhang, Sicheng Liu, Jinhan Teng, Ling Ding, Xin Tang, Qiang Wang, Yuxiao Gao and Jing Li

Electrochimica Acta, 2025, 543, 147612
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A new sodium storage mechanism of chemisorption-ion implantation in hard carbon anodes mediated by C–N–B dynamic covalent bonds

Bojian Fan, Xiaoyue Li, Yuhang Xin, Yingshuai Wang, Qingbo Zhou, Kunyu Zhao, Yunfei Shen, Chang Sun, Shaowen Huang and Hongcai Gao

Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2026, 118, 795
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Micelle‐Assisted Electrodeposition of γ‐MnO2 on Lead Anodes: Structural and Electrochemical Insights

Manickam Minakshi, Rob Aughterson, Parul Sharma, Anurag Prakash Sunda, Katsuhiko Ariga and Lok Kumar Shrestha

ChemNanoMat, 2025, 11
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From microstructure to sodium-storage mechanism: Structure-performance insights into hard carbon

Lin Wang, Yue Yu, Zihe Wei and Liang Zhou

Metals Advances, 2026, 44, 27
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Endogenous MoC/Mo2C Nanoscale Heterostructures Confined in Hollow Porous Carbon Spheres Toward Sodium‐Ion Capacitors

Minyu Jia, Hao Jiang, Jiale Jia, Jinfen Sun, Linrui Hou, Jianlin Deng and Changzhou Yuan

Advanced Energy Materials, 2025, 15
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Engineering closed pores in N/P co-doped hard carbon derived from coals for enhanced sodium storage

Junli Kong, Quanbin Chen, Nannan Zhang, Dalong Zhong and Zhijiang Su

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 530, 173546
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Synergistic Engineering of Hollow Nanospherical Structure and Closed‐Pore in Hard Carbons for Ultra‐Stable and High‐Utilization Sodium Storage

Jiaying Yang, Rong Zhuang, Kejie Wang, Dengke Liu, Yue Ma, Jiangan Wang, Hongqiang Wang and Fei Xu

Advanced Energy Materials, 2026, 16
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Hard Carbon in Alkali Metal Ion Batteries

Ping Lin, Laibing Wang, Xiuli Wang, Yu Zhong and Jiangping Tu

ChemistryEurope, 2026, 4
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From Sodium Storage Mechanism to Design of High-Capacity Carbon-Based Anode: A Review

Yujun Zhou and Zhongrong Shen

Materials, 2025, 18, 2248
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Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance Using Anodized Carbon on Ni-Foam

Peparthi Mythili, Jayant Nagar and Anupam Shukla

J. Electrochem. Soc., 2026, 173, 053502
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Tailoring the microstructure of hard carbon via self-crosslinking engineering for enhanced sodium storage

Linwei Li, Xinyu Liu, Yanyan Zhang, Haifeng Ke, Zhenming Jiang, Junli Long, Jianguo Fan, Honglin Yuan, Ting Zhong, Shuyu Zhou, Wenhong Zou and Yuxin Tang

Sci. China Chem., 2026
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Critical Role of Potential‐Driven Charge Effects in Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium Storage

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Angew Chem Int Ed, 2025, 64
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Breaking Diffusion Limit in Ester‐Flame‐Proof Na‐Ion Electrolytes Through Solvent Coordination Chemistry

Jidao Li, Junli Long, He Du, Jingshu Wang, Wenlong Zhao, Hao Gong, Wenhong Zou, Feng Wang, Jie Shi, Yanyan Zhang, Zhengshuai Bai, Oleksandr I. Malyi and Yuxin Tang

Angew Chem Int Ed, 2025, 64
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Activating Reversible Anionic Redox in Layered Oxide Cathodes for Highly Stable Sodium-Ion Batteries by Li/Nb Codoping

Ting Liu, Hongjie Tan, Jianyuan Wang, Chengyu Li, Zhe Liu, Zhenting Wu, Yongsheng Hu and Shanglong Peng

ACS Nano, 2026
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Understanding the Key Role and Evaluation Methods of Sodium Storage Behavior/Mechanisms for Hard Carbon Anode

Wenjie Huang, Qianxiong Wen, Chun Wu, Shulei Chou and Xingqiao Wu

Information & Functional Materials, 2026
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Nanocellulose-Derived Hard Carbons for Sodium-Ion Batteries: Structure–Function Relationships from Experiment and Molecular Augmented Dynamics Simulations

Hieu Trung Luong, Alexis Front, Tigany Zarrouk, Hua Jiang, Kristoffer Meinander, Vasuki Durairaj, Seyedabolfazl Mousavihashemi, Glen Pauls, Chamseddine Guizani, Virpi Siipola, Katri S. Kontturi, Tekla Tammelin, Miguel A. Caro and Tomi Laurila

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Covalent Quantum Bridging Enables Bicontinuous Electron–Ion Highways in Hard Carbon for Ultrafast Sodium Storage

Li-Zhi Xu, Jun-Xiong Chen, De-Guang Liu, Kun Zhao, Ting-Ting Liu, Lei Huang, Shi-Yan Hu, Tian-Qi Yin, Tao Zhang, Jie Song, Zhen-Lin Wu, Chuang Li and Yao Fu

J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2026, 148, 12849
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Breaking Diffusion Limit in Ester‐Flame‐Proof Na‐Ion Electrolytes Through Solvent Coordination Chemistry

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Engineering Pore Architecture in Hard Carbon for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Distinguishing the Contributions of Ultramicropores and Closed Pores

Qingjuan Ren, Jianzeng Yang, Peng Zhang, Liang He, Zhongyu Sun, Ruirui Hao and Zhiqiang Shi

Adv Funct Materials, 2026, 36
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202525812

Molecular Descriptor‐Directed Microstructural Regulation of Asphalt‐Derived Hard Carbons for Advanced Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Yingdan Cui, Feng Wang, Jin Yang, Lian Chen, Yanyan Zhang, Wujun Zhang, Ningyuan Zhang, Huibo Wang, Yanbin Shen and Yuxin Tang

Angew Chem Int Ed, 2026, 65
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202522001

Recent Advances of High‐Rate Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Correlations Between Performance and Microstructure

Yulong Yang, Zhenlu Liu, Qian Zhang, Jian Song, Weijun Li, Shaohua Jiang, Chunmei Zhang, Jingquan Han, Haoqi Yang, Xiang Han and Shuijian He

Adv Funct Materials, 2026, 36
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202514132

Comparative studies on the lithium and sodium ions storages in semi-coke derived carbon anode materials

Yajuan Guo, Min Zhong, Mingliang Bai, Jiali Zhang, Wenzhuo Shen and Shouwu Guo

Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2025, 46, e01660
DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01660

Unlocking Plant‐Derived Potential: Regulating Microcrystalline Structure Design of High‐performance Hard Carbon Anodes via Cellulose Molecules

Xiping Zhang, Wenhao Yang, Dan You, Ziyi Zhu and Xue Li

Advanced Science, 2026, 13
DOI: 10.1002/advs.74653

Mass‐Transfer Engineered Synthesis of Pitch‐Derived Hard Carbons for Enhanced Sodium Storage

Xinhong Hu, Yelin Ji, Shuang Wu, Shenqi Li, Qinhao Shi, Jiarong Sun, Jinyu Wan and Yufeng Zhao

Advanced Energy Materials, 2026, 16
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202504973

Sequential Dual‐Phase Oxidation Engineered Structure of Pitch‐Derived Hard Carbon towards Improved Sodium‐Ion Storage

Ying Mo, Biao Zheng, Wenwen Yang, Yanqing Wu, Liren Zhang, Guoku Liu, Liqiang Ouyang, Hui Liu, Peng Gao and Jilei Liu

Advanced Sustainable Systems, 2026, 10
DOI: 10.1002/adsu.202501730

Deciphering Sodium Storage in Hard Carbon Anodes: A Review on the Interplay of Microstructure, Interfacial Engineering, and Electrochemical Performance

Md Abdul Kabir Hossain, Fahima Ferdaus, Bashir Ahmed Johan, Atif Saeed Alzahrani, Syed Shaheen Shah and Md. Abdul Aziz

Energy Fuels, 2025, 39, 23937
DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c04452

Advances in oxygen-containing functional groups-modified hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries

Yufei He, Da Liu, Qinyu Li, Zeyu Zhu and Renbing Wu

Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 2026, 168, 101143
DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2025.101143