Recycling and direct regeneration of valuable cathode materials from spent Li-ion batteries: a comprehensive review

Yuping Liu, Tao Liu, Jie Zhao, Yaxin Shao, Xu Li, Zhenhu Li, Yulin Zhang, Shuangyi Liu, Zhihua Lin, Frederik Bettels, Chaofeng Zhang, Fei Ding and Lin Zhang

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2025, 13, 8968
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Recent advances in the industrialization of direct recycling for retired lithium-ion batteries

Runxin Wang, Shijie Ma, Wenze Wang, Feng Liu, Hongzhao Wu, Chunsheng Shi, Yanchun Ke and Biao Chen

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2026, 14, 909
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Sodium Sulfate in the Li–Ion Battery Industry: Challenges, Opportunities, and Emerging Valorization Strategies

Vinz Ymannuelle C. Tatad, Cédric Tassel and Jacob Olchowka

Environ. Sci. Technol., 2026
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Life Cycle Assessment of an Innovative Process Assisted by Pressurized CO2 for Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Positive Electrode Production Scraps

Insaf Gaalich, Iheb Driouech, Neil Hayagan, Cyril Aymonier, Guido Sonnemann, Jacob Olchowka, Gilles Philippot and Philippe Loubet

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2025, 13, 4717
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Understanding the role of pressurized CO2 in the direct recycling process of Li-ion battery positive electrode

Neil Hayagan, Pierre Guillou, Jacob Olchowka, Fatma Ercicek, Carole Lecoutre, Olivier Nguyen, Cyril Aymonier, Samuel Marre, Arnaud Erriguible and Gilles Philippot

Journal of CO2 Utilization, 2025, 95, 103080
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Advanced upcycling of spent electrolyte: Detoxification and selective alkene production via vacuum co-pyrolysis catalyzed by in-situ generated alkyl lithium-synergized ZSM-5

Yu Zhang, Ming Xu, Lin Li, Dennis Yong Lu, Zhenkun Sun and Lunbo Duan

Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2025, 495, 139142
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Life cycle assessment-guided process innovation for electrochemical lithium extraction: Insights from laboratory-scale experiments

Mubin Song, Chaehyeon Lee, Jooyoung Park and Eunhyea Chung

Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2026, 229, 108866
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Advances and challenges in recycling spent LiFePO4 batteries

Biyun Luo, Bin Xu, Qunxuan Yan, Yujiuan Zhou, Zhongling Dong, Xiujiao Huang and Zixiang Zhao

Separation and Purification Technology, 2025, 362, 131780
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Designing Recyclable Electrolytes for Lithium‐Ion and Next‐Generation Energy Storage Devices

Juan Luis Gómez Urbano

Batteries & Supercaps, 2026, 9
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Advancing direct recycling of lithium-ion batteries: An efficient recovery of NMC cathode particles using high-intensity magnetic separation

Luis Arturo Gomez-Moreno, Edgar Schach, Konstantin Dahl, Urs A. Peuker and Rodrigo Serna-Guerrero

Waste Management, 2026, 217, 115515
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Structure–Property Relationships of Recycled Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: Microstructure Optimization Using Virtual Materials Testing

Lukas Fuchs, Philipp Rieder, Donal P. Finegan, Francois Usseglio-Viretta, Jeffery Allen, Melissa Popeil, Orkun Furat and Volker Schmidt

Batteries, 2026, 12, 80
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Applicability of Underwater Ultrasonic Delamination to Various Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes and Effect of Preheating

Yuka Yamada, Yasuhito Kondo, Takao Inoue and Hiroki Kondo

Journal of the Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan, 2026, 142, 8
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Ambient in-plane Li-ion cell patterning via APPJ-assisted aerosol deposition of Ta-LLZO, LiFePO4, and graphite

Aldo Elizarraraz Perez, José de Jesús Pérez Bueno and José Germán Flores López

Materials Letters, 2026, 406, 139880
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Mechanical activation-assisted technology for recovering valuable metal elements from spent lithium-ion batteries: A review

Haowen Shi, Liumei Teng, Weizao Liu, Sohrab Rohani, Minyu He, Wenhao Yu, Qingcai Liu and Xuewei Lv

Applied Energy, 2026, 406, 127285
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Kinetics study of the dissolution of black mass material using oxalic acid as a leaching agent

Léa M.J. Rouquette, Laura Altenschmidt, Matea Culina, William R. Brant, Burçak Ebin and Martina Petranikova

Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 2025, 18, 100750
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Direct Recycling Process Using Pressurized CO2 for Li-Ion Battery Positive Electrode Production Scraps

Neil Hayagan, Cyril Aymonier, Laurence Croguennec, Cyril Faure, Jean-Bernard Ledeuil, Mathieu Morcrette, Rémi Dedryvère, Jacob Olchowka and Gilles Philippot

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2025, 13, 105
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Scaling Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries toward Industrialization: Challenges and Opportunities

Jiao Lin, Wei Li and Zheng Chen

ACS Energy Lett., 2025, 10, 947
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The second life of separators from spent lithium-ion batteries

Shaji Jyothilakshmi, Manohar Akshay, Sundaram Chandrasekaran and Vanchiappan Aravindan

Materials Today Energy, 2025, 54, 102058
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