Ilaria Abdel Aziz, Johannes Gladisch, Chiara Musumeci, Maximilian Moser, Sophie Griggs, Christina J. Kousseff, Magnus Berggren, Iain McCulloch and Eleni Stavrinidou

Mater. Horiz., 2024, 11, 2021
DOI: 10.1039/D3MH01827J

A 3D printed flexible electroadhesion gripper

Chaoqun Xiang, Zhiwei Li, Fei Wang, Yisheng Guan and Weibin Zhou

Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2023, 363, 114675
DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2023.114675

Biomimetic Artificial Muscles Inspired by Nature’s Volume-Change Actuation Mechanisms

Hyunsoo Kim, Minwoo Kim, Yonghun Noh and Yongwoo Jang

Biomimetics, 2025, 10, 816
DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics10120816

Research Progress in Electroactive Polymers for Soft Robotics and Artificial Muscle Applications

Yogesh Dewang, Vipin Sharma, Vijay Kumar Baliyan, Thiagarajan Soundappan and Yogesh Kumar Singla

Polymers, 2025, 17, 746
DOI: 10.3390/polym17060746

Deployable fiber-reinforced polymer for advanced monolithic Rigid–Soft robotics applications

Seung Mo Son, SeungWoo Jung and Dong Gi Seong

Composites Part B: Engineering, 2025, 305, 112754
DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112754

Microelectronic Morphogenesis: Smart Materials with Electronics Assembling into Artificial Organisms

John S. McCaskill, Daniil Karnaushenko, Minshen Zhu and Oliver G. Schmidt

Advanced Materials, 2023, 35
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306344

Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical 3D Printing: Mapping the Evidence

Maria Tănase, Cristina Veres and Dan-Alexandru Szabo

JMMP, 2025, 9, 407
DOI: 10.3390/jmmp9120407

Tunable Electroelastic Waves in Soft Dielectric Elastomer Phononic Crystals: Exploring the Effect of Polymer Chain Network Architecture

Atul Kumar Sharma

Int. J. Appl. Mechanics, 2024, 16
DOI: 10.1142/S1758825124501035

Alginate-based sustainable process to augment the aspect ratio of low-melting-point alloy microparticles

Jinwook Jung, Hyeong Woo Kang, Eunkyeong Kim, Se Jun Wang, Ji Hee Lee, Sookyoung Jeon and Sang Yup Kim

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2026, 535, 175337
DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2026.175337

SoftSnap: Rapid Prototyping of Untethered Soft Robots Using Snap-Together Modules

Luyang Zhao, Yitao Jiang, Chun-Yi She, Muhao Chen and Devin Balkcom

Soft Robotics, 2025, 12, 698
DOI: 10.1089/soro.2024.0170

The rapid rise of soft robotics in surgical operations: Trends, challenges, and future directions

Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Olamide Femi Akinsola, Muhammad Awais Ashraf, Niyi Gideon Olaiya, Akinola Ogbeyemi and Wenjun Chris Zhang

Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 2026, 198, 105324
DOI: 10.1016/j.robot.2025.105324

Quasi-Static Modeling Framework for Soft Bellow-Based Biomimetic Actuators

Kelvin HoLam Heung, Ting Lei, Kaixin Liang, Jiye Xu, Joonoh Seo and Heng Li

Biomimetics, 2024, 9, 160
DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9030160

Biomimetic Robots Inspired by Annelid Animals: Research Progress and Development Trend

Ningmeng Chen, Feng Jiang, Xingchen Du, Yuqing Wu, Lan Yan and Rui Zhang

J Bionic Eng, 2025, 22, 2194
DOI: 10.1007/s42235-025-00750-4

Deformation Analyses and Bionic Motion of an Inchworm Soft Robot

Yu Zhang, Baodong Li, Dongbao Sui, Lingkai Luan, Longchao Zhang, Fuyue Zhang, Zhihui Guo, Fengwen Zhang, Youwei Yao and Dongjie Li

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 2025, 3108, 012002
DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/3108/1/012002

Somatosensitive inverse artificial muscle for wearable robots

Junlin Ma, Xianglin Zhang, Zihan Zeng, Jie Wei, Yaohui Zhu, Zhe Liu, Yongkang Jiang and Diansheng Chen

Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2025, 387, 116475
DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116475

Integrated Actuation and Sensing: Toward Intelligent Soft Robots

Shuai Zhou, Yuanhang Li, Qianqian Wang and Zhiyang Lyu

Cyborg Bionic Syst, 2024, 5
DOI: 10.34133/cbsystems.0105

Hard magnetics and soft materials—a synergy

P Narayanan, R Pramanik and A Arockiarajan

Smart Mater. Struct., 2024, 33, 043001
DOI: 10.1088/1361-665X/ad2bd8

Finite element analysis, machine learning, and digital twins for soft robots: state-of-arts and perspectives

Liuchao Jin, Xiaoya Zhai, Wenbo Xue, Kang Zhang, Jingchao Jiang, Mahdi Bodaghi and Wei-Hsin Liao

Smart Mater. Struct., 2025, 34, 033002
DOI: 10.1088/1361-665X/adadcd

Synthesis of azobenzene liquid crystal elastomers with photo-thermo synergistic response and reversible bidirectional shape memory

Jianfeng Ban, Zilong Yang, Lulu Pan, Junqiu Liao and Bo Shi

Iran Polym J, 2025, 34, 1375
DOI: 10.1007/s13726-024-01446-y

Millimeter-scale fluid-driven soft robots

Rong Bian, Ningbin Zhang, Xinyu Yang, Jinhao Li, Dezhi Yang, Jieji Ren, Jiang Zou and Guoying Gu

National Science Review, 2025, 12
DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaf413

Bienzymatic Generation of Interpenetrating Polymer Networked Engineered Living Materials with Shape Changing Properties

R. George Klemperer, Mark R. Shannon, J. L. Ross Anderson and Adam W. Perriman

Adv Materials Technologies, 2023, 8
DOI: 10.1002/admt.202300626

Nanoarchitectonics with photoresponsive Hemiindigo amphiphiles into supramolecularly assembled soft robotics for controlled macroscopic motions

Yikun Ren, Leong-Hung Cheung, Takashi Kajitani and Franco King-Chi Leung

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2026, 702, 138850
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2025.138850

Roadmap for animate matter

Giorgio Volpe, Nuno A M Araújo, Maria Guix, Mark Miodownik, Nicolas Martin, Laura Alvarez, Juliane Simmchen, Roberto Di Leonardo, Nicola Pellicciotta, Quentin Martinet, Jérémie Palacci, Wai Kit Ng, Dhruv Saxena, Riccardo Sapienza, Sara Nadine, João F Mano, Reza Mahdavi, Caroline Beck Adiels, Joe Forth, Christian Santangelo, Stefano Palagi, Ji Min Seok, Victoria A Webster-Wood, Shuhong Wang, Lining Yao, Amirreza Aghakhani, Thomas Barois, Hamid Kellay, Corentin Coulais, Martin van Hecke, Christopher J Pierce, Tianyu Wang, Baxi Chong, Daniel I Goldman, Andreagiovanni Reina, Vito Trianni, Giovanni Volpe, Richard Beckett, Sean P Nair and Rachel Armstrong

J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 2025, 37, 333501
DOI: 10.1088/1361-648X/adebd3

Progress in Wearable Bionic Sensors for Biomedical Applications

Qiaosheng Xu, Fengchang Huang, Xidi Sun, Wen Cheng, Yi Shi and Lijia Pan

Macro Chemistry & Physics, 2025, 226
DOI: 10.1002/macp.202400500

Intermediate Encoding Layers for the Generative Design of 2D Soft Robot Actuators: A Comparison of CPPN’s, L-Systems and Random Generation

Martin Philip Venter and Naudé Thomas Conradie

MCA, 2023, 28, 68
DOI: 10.3390/mca28030068

Investigation of Soft Matter Nanomechanics by Atomic Force Microscopy and Optical Tweezers: A Comprehensive Review

Alessandro Magazzù and Carlos Marcuello

Nanomaterials, 2023, 13, 963
DOI: 10.3390/nano13060963

Soft Materials and Devices Enabling Sensorimotor Functions in Soft Robots

Jiangtao Su, Ke He, Yanzhen Li, Jiaqi Tu and Xiaodong Chen

Chem. Rev., 2025, 125, 5848
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00906

High-Performance Hydraulic Soft Robotic Control Using Continuous Flow Regulation and Partial Feedback

Shijian Wu, Kailuan Tang, Shaowu Tang, Sicong Liu, Juan Yi, Jian Sheng Dai and Zheng Wang

IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett., 2024, 9, 6967
DOI: 10.1109/LRA.2024.3416770

Bioinspired Liquid Metal Based Soft Humanoid Robots

Nan Li, Xiaohong Yuan, Yuqing Li, Guangcheng Zhang, Qianhong Yang, Yingxin Zhou, Minghui Guo and Jing Liu

Advanced Materials, 2024, 36
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404330

4D injection molding

Jian Wang, Kaihuang Zheng, Tao Liu, Hao Liu, Hongdao Cui, Hang Li, Yucan Liang, Shaotong Zhou, Fuhai Li, Da Wang, Chunfeng Fan, Jin Shang, Qichao He, Yue Cheng, Bo Jiang, Jialiang Qi, Liqiang Chang and Wen Shuai

Nat Commun, 2026
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-71538-1

Resistive Self‐Sensing Controllable Fabric‐Based Actuator: A Novel Approach to Creating Anisotropy

Ayse Feyza Yilmaz, Kadir Ozlem, Fidan Khalilbayli, Mehmet Fatih Celebi, Fatma Kalaoglu, Asli Tuncay Atalay, Gökhan Ince and Ozgur Atalay

Advanced Sensor Research, 2024, 3
DOI: 10.1002/adsr.202300108

Actuation and design innovations in earthworm-inspired soft robots: A review

Jianbin Liu, Pengcheng Li and Siyang Zuo

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 2023, 11
DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1088105

Stimuli-responsive actuators in water environment: a review and future research agenda

Xin Zhao, Gangqiang Tang, Dong Mei, Chun Zhao, Lijie Li and Yanjie Wang

Int. J. Extrem. Manuf., 2025, 7, 022013
DOI: 10.1088/2631-7990/ad9fbb

Design and fabrication of resistive sensor using additive manufacturing techniques for robotic application

Donya MostaghniYazdi, Muhammad Usman Khalid, Mattia Frascio and Matteo Zoppi

Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 2025, 139, 1711
DOI: 10.1007/s00170-025-15977-y

Development of a Photo-Curing 3D Printer for Fabrication of Small-Scale Soft Robots With Programming Spatial Magnetization

Shishi Li, Xianghe Meng, Xingjian Shen, Jinrong Wang and Hui Xie

IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett., 2025, 10, 2766
DOI: 10.1109/LRA.2025.3537857

Towards robust flexible electronics: Fabrication approaches and ongoing research challenges

Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akinola Ogbeyemi, Muhammad Awais Ashraf, Ki-Young Song and Wenjun Chris Zhang

Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2025, 395, 117053
DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117053

4D Printing of Ultrastretchable Magnetoactive Soft Material Architectures for Soft Actuators

Muhammad Wajahat, Je Hyeong Kim, Jung Hyun Kim, Im Doo Jung, Jaeyeon Pyo and Seung Kwon Seol

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2023, 15, 59582
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12173

From Self-Assembly to Sustainability: Advanced Polymerization Techniques for Energy, Healthcare, and Robotics

Maziyar Sabet

Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials, 2025, 64, 763
DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2024.2438044

IoT-Edge Hybrid Architecture with Cross-Modal Transformer and Federated Manifold Learning for Safety-Critical Gesture Control in Adaptive Mobility Platforms

Xinmin Jin, Jian Teng and Jiaji Chen

Future Internet, 2025, 17, 271
DOI: 10.3390/fi17070271

A Rolling Light‐Driven Pneumatic Soft Actuator Based on Liquid–Gas Phase Change

Wenfei Ai, Jiaxin Wu, Yue Long and Kai Song

Advanced Materials, 2025, 37
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202418218

Miniaturized and untethered McKibben muscles based on photothermal-induced gas-liquid transformation

Wenfei Ai, Kai Hou, Jiaxin Wu, Yue Long and Kai Song

Nat Commun, 2024, 15
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45540-4

Robotic Fingers: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions–A Comprehensive Review

Bhivraj Suthar, Yusra Abdulrahman and Yahya Zweiri

IEEE Access, 2024, 12, 110113
DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3440007

Advances in the contact mechanics theory and applications of biomimetic artificial adhesives inspired by biological multiscale hierarchical structures

Qian Cheng, Feodor M. Borodich, Zaida Gao, Stanislav N. Gorb and Xiaoqing Jin

Friction, 2025, 13, 9441016
DOI: 10.26599/FRICT.2025.9441016

Advancement in Soft Hydrogel Grippers: Comprehensive Insights into Materials, Fabrication Strategies, Grasping Mechanism, and Applications

Xiaoxiao Dong, Chen Wang, Haoxin Song, Jinqiang Shao, Guiyao Lan, Jiaming Zhang, Xiangkun Li and Ming Li

Biomimetics, 2024, 9, 585
DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9100585

Programmable spatial magnetization stereolithographic printing of biomimetic soft machines with thin-walled structures

Xianghe Meng, Shishi Li, Xingjian Shen, Chenyao Tian, Liyang Mao and Hui Xie

Nat Commun, 2024, 15
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-54773-2

Snakeskin-Inspired 3D Printable Soft Robot Composed of Multi-Modular Vacuum-Powered Actuators

Seonghyeon Lee, Insun Her, Woojun Jung and Yongha Hwang

Actuators, 2023, 12, 62
DOI: 10.3390/act12020062

Cnidaria-Inspired Morphing Mechanism for Underwater Robot: A Soft Tectonics Approach

Yin Yu

Sensors, 2025, 25, 6780
DOI: 10.3390/s25216780

Multi-field coupled dynamic modeling of hard-magnetic beams interacting with fluid and its application to a magnetic-driven biomimetic jellyfish robot

Ping Zhou, Hui Ren, Wei Fan and Zexu Zhang

Applied Mathematical Modelling, 2025, 148, 116266
DOI: 10.1016/j.apm.2025.116266

Template-free 3D programmable magnetization of soft millirobots induced by interlayer stress

Jie Han, Shuideng Wang, Zhiqiang Zheng, Donglei Chen, Wenqi Zhang, Zhi Qu, Mingxing Cheng, Yiqing Yao, Metin Sitti and Lixin Dong

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2025, 122
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2426846122

Photodegradable hydrogels: Connecting network evolution and material properties by a photo-chemo-mechanical coupling model

Feixiang Huang, Binhong Liu, Yujun Guo, Zixu Yang, Siming Li, Zhe Chen and Shaoxing Qu

Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 2026, 167, 101116
DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2025.101116

Three-Dimensional Graphene Foam and PDMS Composites for High-Performance Electrothermal and Photothermal Actuators

Zhi Yuan, Pei Ding, Luyang Niu, Zhihuan Wang, Xuan Jia and Jiahao Xu

ACS Appl. Electron. Mater., 2025, 7, 1502
DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.4c02078

An investigation of innovative strategies in underwater soft robotics

Shahid A. Hasib, Muhammad Majid Gulzar, Sumaiya Rahman Oishy, Muhammad Maaruf, Salman Habib and Adnan Shakoor

Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 2025, 70, 102123
DOI: 10.1016/j.jestch.2025.102123

Spikebot: A Multigait Tensegrity Robot with Linearly Extending Struts

Jinwook Jeong, Injoong Kim, Yunyeong Choi, Seonghyeon Lim, Seungkyu Kim, Hyeongwoo Kang, Dylan Shah, Robert Baines, Joran W. Booth, Rebecca Kramer-Bottiglio and Sang Yup Kim

Soft Robotics, 2024, 11, 207
DOI: 10.1089/soro.2023.0030

Digital Light Processing of Soft Robotic Gripper with High Toughness and Self‐Healing Capability Achieved by Deep Eutectic Solvents

Cong‐Wei Huang, Si‐Chun Wen, Chuan‐Hsun Hsiao, Chen‐Zhen Zhang, Kuan‐Chung Lin and Sheng‐Sheng Yu

Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202314101

Sunlight-Drivable Composite Film Using Carbon Nanopowder-doped PVDF and Liquid Crystal Polymer Network

Yunbo Zhang, Tianxiong Wang, Feifei Wang, Xiaoshuai Li, Hongmei Ma and Yubao Sun

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2025, 17, 5352
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c17962

Stretchable, Adhesive, and Biocompatible Hydrogel Based on Iron–Dopamine Complexes

Celine Lee, He-Shin Huang, Yun-Ying Wang, You-Sheng Zhang, Rajan Deepan Chakravarthy, Mei-Yu Yeh, Hsin-Chieh Lin and Jeng Wei

Polymers, 2023, 15, 4378
DOI: 10.3390/polym15224378

The application of machine learning in 3D/4D printed stimuli-responsive hydrogels

Onome Ejeromedoghene, Moses Kumi, Ephraim Akor and Zexin Zhang

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2025, 336, 103360
DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103360